Those who at least once did an ultrasound scan could pay attention to the line in the doctor’s opinion: parameters of the heart disease. The pyelocaliceal system is a functional part of the kidney. This system has a complex structure and in a healthy state it works incessantly. But problems with the pyelocaliceal system of the kidneys can lead to serious diseases.
The structure of the kidneys
The tissues that make up CLS are the cortex and medulla. And the structure of the CLS consists of a calyx and pelvis, which are connected by a special rather narrow neck.
In each of the two kidneys there are 6-12 small bowls, which are connected in 2-3 and merge into larger cups. The result is 4 large cups that open in the pelvis, which is a funnel-shaped cavity.
The inner part of the pelvis consists of tissue, which has the ability to withstand the harmful effects of urine. And peristalsis and urine output provide smooth muscle tissue located under the mucosa. Thus, fluid in the pelvis does not accumulate and passes further into the ureter.
Whole urinary fluid
Urinary fluid forms in the renal glomeruli after filtration of blood plasma. From there, urine enters the structure of the tubules, which lead it into the pyramids. Then it enters first into the cups, and then into the pelvis of the pyelocaliceal system.
Functions that Performs
In the human body, the kidneys perform a number of very important functions, which include excretory function. And it is in the pyelocaliceal system that urinary fluid first accumulates, and then is excreted. The presence of pathological diseases leads to disruption of the work not only of the kidneys, but also of the whole organism.
Normal sizes of HF in adults
The size of the pyelocaliceal system of the kidney in an adult should not exceed 10 mm. This norm is the same for both men and women. But it is worth noting that these parameters may be different during a woman's pregnancy. The pyelocaliceal system in the first trimester of pregnancy can reach 18 mm, and by the end of pregnancy - 27 mm. But sometimes an increase in heart rate indicates the development of pathologies.
The pyelocaliceal system is the norm in children
It is logical that in children, the pelvis is smaller. In a completely healthy child, the size of the CLS is 4-5 mm, in rare cases - up to 8 mm, in newborn infants - within 7-10 mm.
It is possible to follow the development of the urinary structure at the 17th week of the term. So, within the 17-32 weeks of pregnancy, the size of the pelvis should be about 4 mm, and at 33-38 weeks - 7 mm.
Factors Affecting HR Size
The size of the pelvis does not always increase due to pathologies. But still, it is worth keeping the condition of the future mother under control and regularly undergoing diagnostics. But also the following factors are capable of affecting the size of the HLS
- Neoplasm in the urinary system.
- The formation of kidney stones.
- Pathology in the building. For example, various excesses and twists.
Possible pathological processes
Any inflammatory process can lead to problems in the excretion of urine and to various serious diseases. But also these diseases can be congenital:
- Expansion of the pyelocaliceal system of the kidneys.
- Doubling HR
- Sealing of the pyelocaliceal system.
Kidney system doubling
Another name for this pathology is incomplete doubling of the kidney. This ailment is not considered a disease, since in more cases a person has no complaints, and very often he does not even know about his pathology. Although in the presence of this anomaly, the kidney becomes more defenseless against inflammatory processes.
Doubling of the kidney may begin even in the process of intrauterine formation of the child. Only one of the systems, and the number of calyces, and renal pelvis, and ureters, can double. It may be such that the extra pelvis has more than one ureter, which subsequently merge together and form a single channel that flows into the bladder.
Problems begin when fluid stagnation occurs, that is, urine does not completely exit the pelvis. This can soon lead to the appearance of diseases. But also fluid stagnation creates good conditions for life and reproduction of various microorganisms, which increases the possibility of the onset of the inflammatory process.
This anomaly can be recognized by the following signs:
- Pain in the kidneys.
- Swelling.
- Difficulty urinating.
- Pressure surges.
- Weakness.
There is no cure for such an anomaly, but at the onset of inflammation, the doctor prescribes appropriate therapy and drugs.
The calyx – pelvic system is expanded - what is it?
Enhanced heart disease can be either a congenital anomaly or acquired due to certain reasons. Common causes include strictures, which are characterized by narrowing or significant contraction of the ureter that occur during pregnancy. As a result of this, urine hardly passes through the ureter or even ends blindly.
If the expanded pyelocaliceal system was formed due to other pathologies, then the doctor is more likely to diagnose hydronephrosis.
Sealed HR
Compaction of the pyelocaliceal system occurs due to various inflammatory processes. One of the most common such processes is pyelonephritis. In this case, the pyelocaliceal system is densified due to the constant process of tissue damage and changes in the structure of the CLS, which leads to the appearance of numerous symptoms and adverse effects.
There are three stages of changes in the structure of the CLS during the inflammatory process:
- Alteration. This stage begins when microorganisms enter the body, which cannot resist them, that is, when the epithelium begins to die due to the appearance of various defects on it.
- Exudation. At this stage, white blood cells and immunocomplexes begin to move to the affected area, which is trying to deal with the adverse effects of microorganisms. Due to this process, blood flow to the inflamed area increases, and the walls of the CLS swell.
- Proliferation. At this stage, the walls of the CLS are further compacted due to the fact that the epithelial tissue begins accelerated division and grows even more, separating the affected area and the healthy one.
The cause of pyelonephritis is the ingestion of pathogenic bacteria. Weakened immunity, hypothermia and hypovitaminosis can also cause the development of the disease. Symptoms of acute pyelonephritis are pronounced pain, fever, weakness. But in the case of a chronic disease, the symptoms are more erased.
Hydronephrosis
The cause of this disease is a violation in the excretion of urine and fluid congestion in the kidneys. Obstacles to fluid flow include:
- Kidney stone.
- Oncological neoplasm.
- Changes in tissue structure due to inflammation.
- Mechanical injury to the renal system.
Due to stagnation of urine in the pelvis, the pressure in the CLS increases. But at first, the increased pressure is compensated by the fact that the kidneys consist of several muscle layers and the muscles are stretched. But after some time, the pelvis becomes so that they can no longer return to their normal state. An anomaly in the early stages is called calicoectasia and is not yet considered hydronephrosis.
If the development of pathology continues, then the kidney parenchyma begins to suffer, and this, in turn, is the cause of changes in the structure of the heart disease. Due to the ongoing pressure, the tissues of the kidneys become thinner and less supplied with blood. As a result, inflamed tissue cannot function properly, which can lead to kidney failure.
The early stage of hydronephrosis can be detected by the following symptoms:
- Pain in the lumbar region.
- Hematuria
- Pressure increase.
- Swelling.
And the reasons for the development of hydronephrosis include:
- Pathology CLS.
- Mechanical damage to the kidney.
- Kidney stones.
Reduced tone
This pathology is called hypotension of the pelvis of the right kidney. In this case, urine is excreted as usual and without any difficulties. In more cases, this pathology is congenital and occurs in the fetus during the pregnancy of a woman if she has had a hormonal failure or with regular nervous tension. The further development of hypotension is favorably affected by dysfunction of the nervous system and mechanical damage to the urinary canals.
Neoplasms in the form of stones
In both kidneys, calculi can form from accumulated nutrient organisms. Some types of stones do not affect the functioning of the urinary system, as they grow slowly, but some of them cannot be disposed of in the company with urine and clog the pelvis. Ignoring the treatment of the disease can lead to rupture of the damaged kidney.
Malignant tumor
In quite rare cases, the patient may be diagnosed with an oncological tumor or renal cyst. In this case, an increase in the size of the epithelium, which is the outer shell of the organ, is observed. In the medical field, this disease is called adenocarcinoma. For a long time, the neoplasm manifests itself as inflammation. And vivid signs appear only when the neoplasm grows inside the renal pelvis.
TEM neoplasms represent up to 7% of kidney cancer. It should be noted that most often tumors occur in that part of the population, which is about 70 years old.
The main reasons that favorably affect the development of the tumor include:
- Endemic Balkan nephropathy.
- Long-term use of drugs that contain phenacetin.
- Contact with aniline dyes and the ingestion of exhaust gases.
- Regular contact with substances containing oil, solvents.
- Chronic pathology of the urinary system.
Diagnosis and treatment
In most cases, pathologies associated with heart disease are diagnosed by ultrasound examination of the kidneys. The ultrasound procedure will allow the doctor to see the location of the kidneys, the size of the organ. The doctor will be able to identify the compaction of the outer walls, as well as the presence of sand or stones. In addition, the patient must undergo a urinalysis, and, if necessary, other additional tests prescribed by the doctor.
Treatment is selected exclusively by the attending physician, depending on the diagnosis. In the presence of stones and pyelonephritis, conservative measures are prescribed, for tissue injuries and congenital anomalies, symptomatic treatment, and for especially severe diseases, hemodialysis or surgery.
Disease prevention
Diseases associated with heart failure can occur in both an adult and a child. Therefore, even in the presence of excellent health, prevention will not hurt, which will not only prevent the disease, but also keep the heart rate in good condition.
First of all, you should regularly conduct ultrasound and take tests. And in order to keep the urinary system normal, you need to empty the bladder in a timely manner and prevent fluid congestion. Also, experts advise people who sit most of the day to do warm-ups. In addition, you can try herbal medicine, but before that you need to consult with your doctor. Also, sleep, physical activity, proper nutrition and lack of stress influence well.
It is worth remembering that most of the stones include sodium ions. Knowing this, a number of preventive measures can be implemented that are aimed at minimizing the risk of kidney stones. The most important thing that can help reduce the level of sodium in the body is not to consume salt. And take drugs that remove salt from the body. Some doctors recommend diuretic teas and decoctions as a preventive measure. But before taking any drug, a specialist consultation is necessary!