Words that are read the other way around are called palindromes. They can be not only a combination of letters, but also numerical. Many authors in their poems use just such a construction of words or whole sentences. In fact, the Russian language is rich in similar forms, but they are extremely difficult to put together and get at least some sense. Therefore, it is important to understand how people worked before getting a ready-made phrase or combination of words that can also be read the other way around.
Appearance
Palindrome words or sentences from them have been known to the world for a long time. They had their popularity in ancient Greece. People initially gave phrases with them a special, sacred and magical meaning.
For example, buffoons in Russia often said: "On the forehead, moron." It was a bit of a preface to the main part.
Words that are read the same way around, began to be actively used in written speech only during the Middle Ages. Until that time, they were used as verbal expressions and really were not recorded anywhere.
During the heyday of the Russian poetic word, which coincides with the development of classicism, palindromes also did not receive much attention. Brilliant authors worked with them, for example, such as Derzhavin, Khlebnikov, Fet. Outside of their creativity, application has not been established.
Russian palindromes are developing by the end of the 20th century thanks to the activities of Ladygin, Gershuni and Katsyuba. In addition to the use in creativity of words that are read on the contrary, they have undergone serious study by Russian philologists and linguists. At that time, the main theoretical treatises were developed that explained the meaning of such phrases, talked about their appearance, as well as the frequency of use. A host of other problems related to palindromes rose.
Types of words that are read in reverse
Famous linguists and linguists have derived groups of words that are somewhat similar to palindromes. For example, werewolf texts that are read from left to right in one way and from right to left in another. Such groups of words or phrases that can be read in one direction in one language and in another in a foreign one also stood out. There are syllabic, phrasal, and verbal palindromes.
It was determined that in the ancient Greek period such words could be called differently. Therefore, it is fair to say when asked about which words are read on the contrary, that they are called not only palindromes, but also palindromes. If someone from the environment says so, it will not be a mistake.
There are other forms that are read not only in the opposite direction as well, but also in the forward. These are the so-called doublet words. For example, a game, conikoni and others. It is interesting that such options exist not only in the linguistic sphere, but also in the science of biology. In the structure of DNA there are special sections that are mutually consistent with each other. Such formations are called duplexes. There are about 100 thousand of them in the human genome, but the number sometimes reaches 1 million. All DNA duplexes are randomly distributed.
Palindrome Examples
A classic foreign example is the phrase sator arepo tenet opera rotas. It matters - Arepo hardly holds wheels.
In the Russian language, the poetic versions belong to Fet, Derzhavin, Bryusov:
“And the rose fell on Azora’s paw” (Athanasius Fet);
Argentina attracts a black man (authorship is controversial);
“I go with the sword of the judge” (Gabriel Derzhavin);
“I am the arch of the land” (Valery Bryusov);
"Oh summer body!" (Valery Bryusov).
There are also more complex types, which involves reading on the contrary not letters, but whole words. This option does not seem so complicated, but also requires high skill:
Cruel meditation. Silent night
Shakes the vision of the past
Flicker greets smiles sternly
Suffering
Deep deep
Suffering stern smiles meets ...
The blink of a past vision shakes ...
Silence. Night meditation is cruel.
(V. Bryusov).
The works of Velimir Khlebnikov also show a tendency to use words that are read in reverse. They are even called werewolves. This is one of the examples of Russian modernism:
Horses, tramp, monk,
But not speech, but he is black.
Come on, young, with a dolm of copper.
Chin is called backward by the sword.
Hunger, how long is the sword?
He fell, and Norov is thin and the spirit of a raven paws.
What? Am lav? Will of the Father!
Poison, poison, uncle!
Go, go!
Frost in a knot, I climb my eyes.
Solov call, hair cart.
Wheel. It's a pity luggage. Donkey
Sledges, rafts and wagons, call and crowds and us.
Proud dox, move drog.
And I'm lying. - Really?
Angry, goal log vines.
And to you and the three with the death of Mavka.
In English, such forms have a fairly simple structure. With the help of a palindrome, a comic dialogue between Adam and Eve is built.
- Madam, I'm Adam.
- Eve.
The year 2002 was marked by a serious upsurge in the use of palindromes. Peter Norvig worked for a long time to create the longest phrase of its kind in the English language. The advent and popularization of computer technology helped him reduce his research time. The rules for creating such words were strictly observed. The only problem with this design is the lack of any meaning and clear structure. The work resembles in some way a simple set of words.
Gerald Burnson and Lawrence Levin also tried to achieve a similar result. They did it, but the general structure of the texts was extremely incomprehensible to man, creating serious inconvenience when reading. For this reason, the work is not widespread throughout the world, they are known only in narrow circles.
Latin language:
Sum summus mus (I'm the strongest mouse)
Finnish language:
Saippuakivikauppias (Lye Merchant)
This example was considered the largest existing word-palindrome.
Greek language:
Νίψον ανομήματα μη μόναν όψιν (Wash away sins, not just your face)
In math
What are the names of expressions that are read in reverse in mathematics? They have the same name, but differ in appearance. For example, the number 626 or 121. There are many similar options.
The palindrome is also called the problem of the number 196 and the return equation.
In computer science
In such a science, they often come up with tasks at olympiads and interviews using a similar structure in the condition. As a separate form in computer science, a palindromic combination or meaning is not represented. All the options that are used in tasks are taken from mathematics, from the language sphere or biology.
In music
The structural construction of such a play at first glance seems unremarkable, but there is one feature. When it is played to the end, the notes are turned over, continuing from the ending. The melody does not change a bit, so an inexperienced viewer can not even understand anything. Two people can play similar pieces, one from the end and one from the beginning. The music will be exactly the same. If some note was incorrect, then this means an error in the musician’s game, and not in writing the work.
Such plays were written by Mozart, Mosheles, Hindemith. Each of the works is distinguished by the high professionalism of the author, not only in music and in the construction of notes, but also in the language as a whole. Palindromic combinations are by no means easy, especially if they are composed in music.
In biology
As mentioned above, in the structure of DNA there are duplexes that act as palindromes. They are also noticeable in the structure of transport RNA.