To characterize the hemodynamics of the heart, indicators such as heart rate (HR), stroke and minute blood volumes, ejection fraction, and others are used. Let us consider separately such an indicator as systolic volume (CO), and how it affects other body functions.
For people involved in sports it is extremely important to monitor the hemodynamics of your heart. What is CO? Systole is a phase of heart contraction, and diastole is a phase of relaxation of the chambers.
Stroke volume of blood
Systolic or stroke volume characterizes the amount of all blood that one contraction of the heart ventricle throws into the arterial system. It is calculated by the following simple formula: V = V * v. Where V is the systolic volume of blood, and v is the average value of beats per minute. Therefore, 70 * 70 = 4900 ≈ 5 liters per minute with normal health at rest pumping the heart.
But in reality, each person has an individual indicator. Moreover, in women it is approximately 15% less. During physical exertion, this number increases, with heart problems or immobility - it decreases.
Factors Affecting Stroke Volume
What determines the amount of blood that the heart can throw into the bloodstream in one stroke? Several factors are distinguished:
- Weight, physical development of the body.
- The presence of bad habits, in particular smoking.
- Pregnancy.
- The condition of the veins. The rate of venous return to the right ventricle.
- Myocardial contractility.
- Preload.
In addition, the indicator depends on the size of the left ventricle of the heart. Those young people who have a small muscle chamber from birth experience difficulties during training and often do not keep pace with others.
The emission rate per minute is 4.5-5 liters. If CO decreases, then there is a high probability of atherosclerosis, arrhythmia, or internal bleeding.
IOC Change Factors
Minute blood volume (IOC) depends on the fitness and age of the person. IOC should be determined in order to find out how the heart copes with its function.
The indicator primarily depends on three main characteristics:
- Heart rate;
- systolic volume;
- venous return values.
To improve performance, you need to pay attention to your lifestyle and think about prevention. With age, CO decreases significantly, and with any load, heart rate increases.
The IOC can rise from an athlete from 5 liters per minute to almost 20 liters. Such volumes can only be pumped by the heart muscle prepared by long exercises.
Norm CO
We already mentioned that in an ordinary person in a relaxed state, the norm of the systolic ejection volume is about 65-70 ml. It changes significantly when a person is actively involved in sports and does not miss training. Maximum RM is observed in athletes with significant and prolonged physical activity.
The indicator often reaches the level of 200 ml per systole. The athlete must control his systolic and minute blood volumes. To do this, you need to measure the heart rate before and after training.
How to determine systolic and minute volumes accurately?
IOC can be more accurately determined using the following methods:
- Fick's Method.
- Ultrasonic flowmetry.
- Introducing color indicators into the blood.
- Integral rheography. Rheography is a method in which the electrical resistance of a body to vibrations of superhigh frequencies is recorded. These frequencies do not harm a person, therefore they are widely used in medical practice.
Systolic volume can be calculated by dividing the minute into a personal rate of heart rate.
How to increase cardiac output?
To increase the SB, athletes are advised to conduct long-term physical training of medium intensity, in which the pulse will not exceed 140-150 beats per minute.
Such loads will allow you to stretch the left ventricle, but not to increase the mass of the heart. It is forbidden to build up the heart muscle constantly using only strength training. It is harmful to the body and leads to a heart attack.
Heart failure in old age
In old age, if a person does not move much during life, the walls of his heart become thinner, and the systolic volume does not exceed 20 ml. This is very small. The heart is not used to completely empty the cameras, it weakens.
As a result, elderly people start heart failure. When the valves are damaged, the heart cannot work at full strength, and then cardio training is dangerous.
It is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle and often walk in the fresh air. Hypokinesia (immobility) contributes to the aging of the body, loss of strength and heart failure.
But the situation will be different if a person tries not to be lazy and goes to the gym. Training starts a certain mechanism - an increase in negative pressure in the chest. This leads to an increase in venous return to the heart.
The impact of training
For the normal functioning of the heart muscle and valves, training is required. In physically developed people, the heart copes with the load due to its good systolic volume without increasing the number of heart contractions per minute.
You need to deal with the best of your ability. It should not be allowed that the pulse during cardio training exceeded 190-200 beats per minute.
Even unprofessional and irregular training has a positive effect on the preservation of CO blood and helps the heart to adapt to stress.
It must be said that systolic blood volume decreases with age. To maintain your health and physical strength, you need to run 30 minutes every 2-3 days.