Each person, with rare exceptions, can be spoken using spoken language. Through communication, people can express their feelings and feelings, talk about the vital, exciting. Oral speech allowed a person to rise to the highest level of civilization. In the scientific literature, you can find an uncountable number of reasons for the classification of oral speech. In general, the study of language as a means of communication is necessary to understand the underlying processes that occur in the human mind during verbal interaction with other people. After all, the process of acquiring speech skills takes place unconsciously and naturally. The school curriculum gives the task to get acquainted with the theory of types of oral speech of the 2nd grade of students. In the future, this linguistic problem is studied by students of philological specialties. This article is devoted to the typology of the sounding form of the language.
The number of interlocutors
First, consider the simplest types of spoken language. The 2nd grade of the school, in accordance with the educational program, gets acquainted with the concepts of dialogue and monologue. This classification is based on the number of participants in the communication process. So, these words have the same part of "-log", which is translated from Greek as "word", "meaning," speech ". The “mono” part, originating from the same language, means “one”. Thus, a monologue is the speech of one individual who is addressed either to himself or to an audience. In turn, the part “di-” in Greek means “two.” Consequently, a dialogue is an interchange of messages between two interlocutors. Moreover, the speech of each of them is a monologue. The meaning of the dialogue is to change replicas.
When answering the question, what types of spoken language are there, people often name only these most common definitions. However, another similar type of communication is the polylogue. "Poly-" means "a lot." Here we are talking about the presence of two or more interlocutors.
The nature of the spoken
What other types of spoken language exist? Grade 2 studies the classification of direct communication, based not only on the number of interlocutors. Another reason for classifying a language is the beauty and exaltation of its syllable. On the basis of this criterion, such basic types of oral speech as preliterate, literary and sounding along the text arose. First, consider the first language type.
Simple communication
As you know, at first people learned to make sounds and only then - to portray signs. Initially, speech existed only verbally. The preliterate language nowadays includes mainly everyday communication, which will never be fixed on a letter and, in essence, does not require the existence of a significant prototype. This includes various types of oral negotiations, composed fairy tales, and rumors that are repeatedly transmitted. The theory of linguistics refers to the most common forms of preliterate speech rumor, dialogue and folklore. The basis of their selection is the number of message reproductions. So, rumor is reproduced only once. The main purpose of this type of speech is to convey certain information to each member of the conversation. Such a message ceases to exist immediately after it reaches all the interlocutors, since its repeated reproduction is not necessary. The ban on reproduction may be violated, but then the rumor begins to exist in a different form - in the form of gossip, which are misinformed.
We have already considered preliterate speech in the form of dialogue, but in this classification it is used in a slightly different meaning. Here, attention is paid not to the number of interlocutors, but to the number of reproductions and the semantic load of the text. Dialog in this meaning is considered as a certain set of statements of various subjects on the same topic. As a rule, texts are reproduced only once, because even in case of interrogation, the interlocutor, repeating the phrase uttered earlier, changes the intonation or order of words.
And finally, folklore is a preliterate form of speech, which is characterized by repeated repetition. Unlike rumor, folklore is a cultural heritage, its texts are well preserved for many years. This type includes folk tales, legends.
Literary texts
We considered preliterate speech as the first type of message, depending on the nature of the spoken. Now let's turn to the literary language. Here, far from everyday communication takes place. This type of speech is characterized as sublime, literate. Initially, literary texts are recorded on paper and have a very distant relationship to verbal messages. However, then they memorize and turn into sound. Thanks to such a complex creation procedure, the resulting texts acquire their ideal state. There are such literary types of oral speech in the Russian language as rhetoric and homiletics. Let's consider them in more detail.
Oratoric
This type of literary oral text is a person’s speech to a particular audience, which touches on the most important life topics of the audience. However, the speaker has no opportunity to establish a dialogue with his audience. He is forced to give everything he wants in one speech. An example of rhetorical statements is judicial speech. For example, a lawyer in his last statement has the opportunity to demonstrate his oratory and express a personal vision of the situation, but he can no longer ask questions to those present. Listeners respond to the words of the defender immediately, internally agreeing with him or not accepting his point of view. Thus, oratoric inherently represents monologue.
Homiletics
When answering the question, what types of oral speech (literary) exist, it is impossible not to mention this type of utterance. Compared to oratory, homiletics are more like dialogue. Despite the fact that there is also a preparation for oral utterance, the rhetorician is not obliged to express everything desired in one message. As a rule, he breaks the text into certain portions for the greatest impact on the audience. Such statements have a greater impact on educating the public. When answering the question what types of spoken language are there, we should mention the church, propaganda, and educational genre of homiletics.
Pastoral word
This kind of homiletics is aimed at influencing listeners, in particular their feelings and will. The church variety of homiletics exists in the forms of preaching, interviewing and confession. The first speech is a detailed account of some sacred truths. In his statement, the preacher addresses the people with the goal of updating the knowledge that people already have, increasing their significance, and emphasizing their importance. The interview, in turn, is a kind of test of the assimilation by the public of those truths that were presented in the sermons. The last stage is confession. After repentance, the clergyman, assessing the degree to which people practice their instructions, also delivers a speech that is designed to influence a person with the aim of favorable changes in his soul.
Educational process
Homiletics pervades the entire education system. The main forms of communication between the teacher and students are lectures, seminars and test / exam. They can easily be compared with the types of communication between the pastor and believers discussed above. The lecture, as well as the sermon, is intended to cover important issues and explain them to the audience. However, unlike church homiletics, which involves the utterance of statements known to the public in order to increase their relevance, the training involves informing the audience of new, hitherto unknown information.
Now let's compare the next stage of educational communication, a seminar, with an interview. A practical lesson with students is also conducted to test the degree and quality of their learning. And finally, the exam is a kind of confession, where the teacher assesses students' perceptions of the truths presented to them in lectures.
Propaganda
The rhetoric's speech, aimed at disseminating and advertising certain information, consists of previously known truths in combination with new ones. Thus, propaganda homiletics is a combination of church and school.
Now consider the forms of existence of such texts. The first of these is propaganda (the activity of transferring certain knowledge). The second stage is agitation, where the rhetorician substantiates the transition from deliberation to action. And finally, the third form of propaganda homiletics is advertising, which has an effect that controls the effectiveness of campaigning.
Written text scoring
Not always a person who wants to say out loud written, learns this. After all, you can, for example, read. By the way, the literary look and scoring of the text are types of oral speech, approaching written. In view of the fixation of these types of statements on paper, they are literate and logically constructed texts. As stated earlier, scoring can take the form of a simple read. With this form of expression, as a rule, the text is simply pronounced, without the obligatory use of certain intonations and facial expressions. Studying the types of oral speech, the 2nd grade of students is confronted with a linguistic term such as recitation. Such a reading is not a simple reproduction of a letter, but an expressive, even pompous, rhythmic scoring of, as a rule, literary works (often poetry).
Readiness degree
There is another reason for the typology of verbal texts. So, answering the question, what types of oral speech are there, Grade 2, based on the knowledge gained, can lead to a classification of speech depending on its degree of preparedness. Most often, the utterances uttered by us are characterized by spontaneity and are formed gradually, in the process of communication. Unprepared types and forms of spoken language are found constantly, because every person contacts with other representatives of society more than once a day. It is everyday communication that cannot be thought out in advance, therefore, speech errors, pauses, the use of simple sentences and the most common words are more likely to occur here. In turn, a prepared speech (for example, a report) is characterized by the presence of a pre-thought out and logically structured structure.
Paying attention to all the information given in this article, the following types of oral speech can be cited: dialogue and monologue; prepared and unprepared; preliterate, statement in the text and literary.