Full, juicy, accurate, vivid speech most well conveys thoughts, feelings and assessments of the situation. Hence the success in all endeavors, because correctly constructed speech is a very accurate tool of persuasion. It outlines briefly what means of artistic expressiveness a person needs to achieve the desired result from the world around him every day, and which ones to replenish the arsenal of expressiveness of speech from literature.
Special language expressiveness
The verbal form that can attract the attention of the listener or reader, make a vivid impression on him through novelty, originality, unusualness, with a departure from the usual and everyday - this is linguistic expressiveness.
Any means of artistic expression works well here, in the literature, for example, metaphor, sound recording, hyperbole, personification and many others are known. It is necessary to master special techniques and methods in combinations of both sounds in words and phraseological units.
A huge role is played by vocabulary, phraseology, grammar and phonetic features. Each means of artistic expression in literature works at all levels of language proficiency.
Phonetics
The main thing here is sound recording, a special artistic technique based on the creation of sound images through sound repetitions. You can even imitate the sounds of the real world - twitter, whistle, the sound of rain, etc., in order to evoke associations with those feelings and thoughts that need to be caused by the listener or reader. This is the main goal that the means of artistic expression should achieve. Examples of onomatopoeia are contained in most of the literary lyrics: Balmont "Midnight at times ..." is especially good here.
Almost all the poets of the Silver Age used sound recording. Beautiful lines left Lermontov, Pushkin, Boratynsky. Symbolists, on the other hand, have learned to evoke auditory and visual, even olfactory, gustatory, tactile representations, in order to move the reader’s imagination to experience certain feelings and emotions.
There are two main types, most fully revealing the sound means of artistic expression. Blok and Andrei Bely have examples, they extremely often used assonance - repetition of identical vowels or similar in sound. The second type - alliteration , which is often found already in Pushkin and Tyutchev - is a repetition of consonant sounds - the same or similar.
Vocabulary and phraseology
The main means of artistic expression in literature are paths that expressively depict a situation or object using words in their figurative meaning. The main types of paths: comparison, epithet, personification, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoha, periphrase, litot and hyperbole, irony .
In addition to the trails, there are simple and effective means of artistic expression. Examples:
- antonyms, synonyms, homonyms, paronyms;
- phraseological units;
- stylized vocabulary and limited vocabulary.
The last paragraph includes both argo and professional jargon, and even vocabulary that is not accepted in a decent society. Antonyms are sometimes more effective than any epithet: How pure you are! - baby swimming in a puddle. Synonyms enhance the colorfulness and accuracy of speech. Phraseological units delight in the fact that the addressee hears the familiar and quickly makes contact. These linguistic phenomena are not a direct means of artistic expression. The examples are rather non-specific, suitable for any particular action or text, but capable of significantly adding brightness to the image and affecting the addressee. The beauty and liveliness of speech completely depends on what means of creating artistic expression were used in it.
Epithet and Comparison
Epithet - an application or application translated from Greek. Marks an essential feature that is important in this context, using a figurative definition based on a hidden comparison. More often it is an adjective: black melancholy, gray morning, etc., but a noun, adverb, adverbial participle, pronoun and any other part of speech can be an epithet. It is possible to divide the used epithets into general linguistic, folk-poetic and individual-author means of artistic expression. Examples of all three types: deathly silence, good fellow, curly dusk. It can be divided differently into graphic and expressive: in the blue fog, the nights are crazy. But any division, of course, is very arbitrary.
Comparison is a comparison of one phenomenon, concept or object with another. Not to be confused with a metaphor where the names are interchangeable, in comparison, both objects, features, actions, etc. should be named. For example: a glow like a meteor . You can compare in various ways.
- instrumental case (youth flew by the nightingale );
- comparative degree of adverb or adjective (eyes are greener than the sea);
- unions as if, etc. (the door creaked like a beast );
- words similar to, similar , etc. (your eyes look like two mists );
- comparative clauses (golden foliage spun in a pond, like a flock of butterflies flying to a star ).
In folk poetry, negative comparisons are often used: It’s not a horse’s top ... poets often build quite large works by using this means of artistic expression. This can be seen in the literature of the classics, for example, in the poems of Koltsov, Tyutchev, Severyanin, Gogol's prose, Prishvin and many others. It was used by many. This is probably the most popular means of artistic expression. In literature, it is present everywhere. In addition, it serves a scientific, journalistic, and colloquial text with the same zeal and success.
Metaphor and personification
Another very widely used means of artistic expression in literature is a metaphor, which means translated from Greek - transference. A word or sentence is used in a figurative sense. The basis here is the unconditional similarity of objects, phenomena, actions, etc. Unlike comparison, the metaphor is more compact. She gives only that with which this or that is compared. Similarity may be based on shape, color, volume, purpose, feel, etc. (a kaleidoscope of phenomena, a spark of love, a sea of letters, a treasury of poetry) . Metaphors can be divided into ordinary (general language) and artistic: golden hands and stars, diamond awe ). Scientific metaphors are already in use: the ozone hole, the solar wind , etc. The success of the speaker and author of the text depends on what means of artistic expression are used.
A kind of trail similar to metaphor is personification when the signs of a living creature are transferred to objects, concepts or natural phenomena: sleepy fogs fell , autumn day turned pale and went out - personification of natural phenomena, which happens especially often, the object world is personified less often - see Annensky “Violin and Bow”, Mayakovsky “Cloud in Pants”, Mamin-Sibiryak with his “ good-natured and cozy physiognomy at home ” and much more. Even in everyday life, we no longer notice impersonations: the device says, the air heals, the economy stirs , etc. There are hardly any ways better than this means of artistic expression, painting speech more colorful than personification.
Metonymy and the Synecdoch
Translated from Greek metonymy means renaming, that is, the name is transferred from subject to subject, where the basis is adjacency. The narrator is very decorated with the use of means of artistic expression, especially such as metonymy. Connections according to the adjacency principle may be as follows:
- contents and contents: eat three plates ;
- author and work: scolded Homer ;
- action and its instrument: doomed to swords and fires ;
- subject and material of the subject: riding gold ;
- place and characters: the city was noisy .
Metonymy complements the means of artistic expressiveness of speech, with it is added clarity, accuracy, imagery, visualization and, like no epithet, laconicism. It is not for nothing that both writers and publicists use it, while colloquial speech of all sectors of society is filled with it .
In turn, the kind of metonymy - synecdoch, translated from Greek - correlation, is also based on replacing the meaning of one phenomenon with the meaning of another, but there is only one principle - a quantitative relationship between phenomena or objects. You can transfer in this way:
- less for more (the bird does not fly to it , the tiger does not go; drink a glass );
- part for the whole ( Beard , why are you silent? Moscow did not approve of the sanction).
Periphrase, or Periphrase
The description, or descriptive sentence, translated from Greek - the term used instead of a word or a combination of words - is a periphrase . For example, Pushkin writes "Peter the Creation", and everyone understands that he had in mind Petersburg. Periphrase allows us to:
- outline the main features of the subject that we depict;
- avoid repetition (tautology);
- vividly evaluate the image;
- to give the text an elevated pathos, pathos.
Periphrases are not permissible only in a business and official style, while in the rest they are found as many as you like. In colloquial speech, it most often coexists with irony, merging together these two means of artistic expression. The Russian language is enriched from the merger of different paths.
Hyperbole and litota
A figurative expression with exorbitant exaggeration of a sign or signs of an object, action or phenomenon is a hyperbole (from Greek it is translated as an exaggeration). Litota - on the contrary, an understatement.
Thoughts are given an unusual form, a bright emotional coloring, convincing evaluation. Especially good for creating comic images. They are used in journalism as the most important means of artistic expression. In literature, one cannot do without these paths either: a rare bird near Gogol will reach only the middle of the Dnieper; Krylov’s tiny cows and many similar things are found in almost every work of any author.
Irony and sarcasm
Translated from Greek, this word means pretense, which is fully consistent with the use of this trail. What means of artistic expression are needed for ridicule? The statement should be the opposite of its direct meaning, when a completely positive assessment hides the mockery: a clever head - an appeal to the Donkey in Krylov’s fable is an example of this. “ Unsinkableness of a hero ” is an irony used in the framework of journalism, where quotation marks or brackets are most often put. Means of creating artistic expression are not limited to it. As irony to the highest degree - evil, caustic - sarcasm is often used: the contrast between the expressed and the implied, as well as the intentional exposure of the implied. An unmerciful, harsh denunciation is his handwriting: Usually I argue about the taste of oysters and coconuts only with those who ate them (Zhvanetsky). The sarcasm algorithm is a chain of such actions: a negative phenomenon gives rise to anger and resentment, then a reaction occurs - the last degree of emotional openness: well-fed pigs are worse than hungry wolves . However, sarcasm should be used as carefully as possible. And not often if the author is not a professional satirist. The carrier of sarcasm most often considers himself smarter than others. However, not a single satirist managed to get love out. She herself and her appearance always depend on what means of artistic expression were used in the evaluating text. Sarcasm is a deadly powerful weapon.
Non-specialized language vocabulary tools
Synonyms help to give speech the subtlest emotional shades and expression. For example, you can use the word "race" instead of "run" for greater expressive power. And not only for her:
- clarification of the thought itself and the transfer of the smallest semantic connotations;
- assessment of the depicted and author's attitude;
- intense enhancement of expression;
- deep disclosure of the image.
Anthonyms are also a good expressive tool. They refine the idea, playing in contrasts, more fully characterize one or another phenomenon: glossy waste paper by high water, and truly fiction - a stream . From the antonyms comes the widely accepted technique by writers - the antithesis.
Many writers, and even simply witters, readily play with words that match in sound and even in spelling, but have different meanings: a tough guy and a cool boiling water , as well as a steep bank; flour and flour; three in the diary and three carefully stain. And a joke: Listen to the authorities? Now, fire ... And they fired. These are homonyms, homographs and homophones.
Words that are similar in spelling and sound, but have completely different meanings, are also often used as puns and have sufficient expressive power in clever use. History is hysteria ; miter - millimeter , etc.
It should be noted that such non-basic means of artistic expression as synonyms, antonyms, paronyms and homonyms are not used in official and business styles.
Phraseologisms
Otherwise, idioms, that is, phraseologically prepared expressions, also add eloquence to the orator or writer. Mythological imagery, high or colloquial, with an expressive assessment - positive or negative ( small fry and an apple of an eye, soaping the neck and the sword of Damocles ) - all this enhances and decorates the visual imagery of the text. The salt of phraseologisms is a special group - aphorisms. The deepest thoughts in the shortest execution. Easy to remember. Often used, like other means of expression, in a literary text. This also includes proverbs and sayings.