Self-confidence, determination, finding one's place in society - all this is directly related to the development of speech, the ability to correctly and clearly express one’s thoughts. Coherent speech is a combination of fragments representing one specific topic and bearing a single semantic load.
At birth, the makings of speech are laid. The main task of adults and educators is to develop them correctly. After all, the formed coherent speech of the child is the key to the future successful development of the personality. What does this concept mean? Coherent speech is the ability to formulate and state your thoughts.
Speech Types
There are two main types of connected speech:
The first requires great communication skills. How well thought is expressed determines how those around it will understand. The narrator needs a good memory, the correct use of speech turns, developed logical thinking, so that the narrative sounds consistently and clearly.
The dialogue usually does not apply complex verbal turns. Speech does not have a clear logical sequence. The direction of the conversation can change arbitrarily and in any direction.
Speech Bookmark
The formation of coherent speech occurs in several stages.
1st stage - preparatory, from 0 to 1 year. At this stage, the baby gets acquainted with the sounds. In his first weeks, he just listens to adult speech, while he forms a passive set of sounds, the first cries are made to him. Later, babble appears, which consists of randomly pronounced sounds.
In the same period, the child is shown objects and called sounds characterizing them. For example: a clock - tick-tock, some water - cap-cap. Later, the baby reacts to the name of the subject and looks for it with a look. By the end of the first year, the baby pronounces individual syllables.
2nd stage - pre-school, from a year to three. First, the child pronounces simple words denoting both the subject and the action. For example, the word “give” the baby means the subject, and their desires, and the request, therefore, only close people understand it. After a certain period, simple sentences appear, the child begins to express his thoughts more accurately. By the age of three, prepositions are used in speech. The coordination of cases and the genus begins.
3rd stage - preschool, from 3 to 7 years. This is the period of a more conscious formation of personality. Closer to the age of 7, the speech apparatus is formed, the sounds are clear, correct. The child begins to correctly build sentences, he already has and is constantly updated vocabulary.
4th stage - school, from 7 to 17 years. The main feature of the development of speech at this stage compared to the previous one is its conscious assimilation. Children master sound analysis, learn grammar rules for constructing sentences. The leading role in this is written.
These stages do not have strict, clear boundaries. Each of them smoothly goes into the next.
The development of coherent speech in preschoolers
After the start of going to kindergarten, the child’s environment changes and with it the form of speech. Since up to 3 years, the baby is always close to people close to him, then all communication is based on his requests to adults. There is a dialogical form of speech: adults ask questions, and the child answers. Later, the baby has a desire to tell about something, to convey his feelings after a walk, while the listeners can already be not only close people. So the monological form of speech begins to be laid.
All speech is coherent. However, forms of developmental connectivity are changing. The coherent speech presented by the child is the ability to tell so that what is heard becomes understandable on the basis of its own content.
Speech components
Speech can be divided into two components: situational and contextual. Expressing his thoughts or describing the situation, a person should build a monologue so that the listener understands what the conversation is about. Children at first are not able to describe the situation without specifying specific actions. It is difficult for an adult listening to a story to understand what the conversation is about, not knowing the situation. Thus, the situational coherent speech of preschoolers is formed first. At the same time, the presence of the contextual component cannot be completely ruled out, since such moments of speech are always interconnected.
Contextual speech
Having mastered the situational component, the child begins to master the contextual. At first , the children's colloquial speech is saturated with the pronouns “he,” “she,” “they.” At the same time, it is not clear to whom exactly they belong. To characterize objects, the concept of “such” is used and is actively complemented by gestures: hands show which one, such as large, small. The peculiarity of such a speech is that it expresses more than it expresses.
Gradually, the child begins to build a speech context. This becomes noticeable when a large number of pronouns disappear from the conversation and are replaced by nouns. Coherent speech is determined by the consistency of human thoughts.
One cannot master connectedness without having logic. After all, speech directly depends on thoughts. Connected speech is the sequence and logic of thoughts expressed aloud and combined into grammatically correct sentences.
From the conversation of the child, it is clear how developed his logic is and what vocabulary is present. With a lack of words, even a logically correctly constructed thought will cause difficulties in speaking out loud. Therefore, speech should be developed in a complex: logic, memory, rich vocabulary. Everything should be harmonious.
The main types of formation of coherent speech
The development of coherent speech in children occurs using various techniques. The main ones are:
- Development of dialogue skills.
- Retelling.
- The story in the pictures.
- Writing narrative stories.
The first type of conversation that a child learns is dialogue. Children are taught:
- Listen and understand adult speech.
- Chat with other children.
- Build a dialogue with answers to questions.
- Repeat words, phrases for the tutor.
Children aged 4-7 are taught simple forms of building a monologue.
Retelling requires the child's attention and perseverance. First, preparation for the retelling takes place, then the teacher reads the text, and after that the children answer questions related to the read material. A retelling plan is drawn up, then the teacher reads the story again, and the retelling begins. Children of primary preschool age do almost everything together with the teacher. Older children themselves develop a retelling plan. In this way, a connection is maintained between logic and speech.
Pictures - Connectivity Development Tool
Learning coherent speech is done using pictures. Story by pictures facilitates the usual independent retelling. Since the course of the story is shown in the figures, it is not necessary to remember everything. For the younger preschool age, piece pictures with objects depicted on them are used. Children, answering the questions of the teacher, describe the image.
From the age of 4, a child is taught to write a story from a picture. This requires such preparation:
- Examining the picture.
- Answers to the questions of the teacher.
- The story of the teacher.
- The story of the children.
In the process of the story, the teacher prompts supportive words. It controls the correct direction of speech. By the age of 5, children are taught to make a plan and talk about it. At the age of 6-7 years, a child is able to focus on the background of the picture, describe the landscape, details that seem insignificant at first glance. Telling the picture, the child, relying on the image, should tell what happened before the events shown and can happen after.
The teacher outlines the storyline with his questions, which goes beyond the boundaries of the picture. When telling a child, it is necessary to follow the correct grammatical construction of the sentence, a sufficient vocabulary.
Particular attention should be paid to the stories of landscape pictures. Since it requires the ability to use words in a figurative sense, make comparisons, use synonyms and antonyms.
Story description
Of great importance in the development of coherent speech of preschool children is the ability to describe a specific subject, situation, season.
At the younger preschool age, children are taught to make a story-description on a toy. The teacher asks questions and directs the narrator. The basic support words are considered, according to which the description is made: the size of the toy, material, color. The older the child becomes, the more independently he tells. They begin to conduct a comparative description of objects and living objects, two different objects. Teach children to find common characteristics and the opposite. The plot stories are compiled, with the inclusion of the described objects in them.
Also, children in older preschool age tell stories from personal experience, describe the situations that occur with them, the content of the cartoons viewed.
Connected Speech Technique - Mnemonics
The technique is based on the use of pictures. All stories, verses are encoded with pictures, which are then used to narrate the story. The methodology is based on the fact that children in preschool age rely more on visual memory than on auditory. Training takes place with the help of mnemonic tracks, mnemonic tables and schematic models.
The characters used to encode the words are as close as possible to the speech material. For example, when talking about pets, a house is painted next to the animals depicted, and a forest for wild animals.
Learning goes from simple to complex. Children examine mnemonic squares, later - mnemonic tracks with symbols depicted, the meaning of which they know. The work takes place in stages:
- Studying the table.
- Encoding information, converting the presented material from characters to images.
- Retelling.
With the help of mnemonics, the assimilation of speech in children is intuitive. At the same time, they have a good vocabulary and the ability to coherently conduct a monologue.
Speech Connectivity Levels
After applying various methods in practice in their work, educators check the level of connected speech in children. If some of its development is at a lower level, other methods are applied to them that, when working with such children, will be more effective.
The coherent speech of preschoolers is divided into three levels:
- High level - the child has a large vocabulary, grammatically and logically correctly builds sentences. Can retell a story, describe, compare objects. Moreover, his speech is consistent, interesting in content.
- Intermediate level - the child builds interesting offers, has high literacy. Difficulties arise when building a story according to a given storyline, here he can make mistakes, but with the comments of adults he is able to correct them on his own.
- Low level - the child has difficulties in building a story along storylines. His speech is inconsistent and illogical, semantic errors are made due to difficulties in building connections. Grammar errors are present .
Conclusion
The formation of coherent speech of children is a continuous process of training by the teacher using various techniques and game forms. As a result, the child begins to coherently and grammatically correctly express his thoughts, conduct a monologue, and use literary techniques.