Communion is something that written speech rarely does. Take any classic work, popular fiction, open on the first page that appears - and you can meet the participles.
The sacraments adorn written language and complicate it somewhat, compared with everyday colloquial speech. The participles may vary in appearance, and to use them correctly, you need to learn this difference. What is the participles of the perfect and imperfect form? How do they differ and how to use them?
What is the sacrament?
The first thing to do is find out what the sacrament is. It is very important to learn to distinguish it from adjectives. What is their main difference? Adjectives are formed from nouns, adverbs, etc. Verbs are the only part of speech from which the participles are formed. However, the sacrament on some grounds is similar to an adjective, which brings them very close together and sometimes misleading. And at the same time, the participle has the properties of a verb.
Compare adjective and participle:
- Speed is speed. It is an adjective and is formed from a noun.
- Run - running. This is a participle, since it is formed from a verb.
Verbs come in two forms: perfect and imperfect. Consequently, the participles also adopt this property and can take the form of a perfect or imperfect appearance.
Perfect participles
Based on the name of these participles, we can assume that they are formed from perfect verbs. To determine the type of verb, you need to ask him a clarifying question. For the perfect look, this is the question “What to do?”. The verbs that answer it indicate a completed action.
For instance:
- Read, write, draw, close - all these verbs correspond to the question "What to do?", Therefore, refer to the perfect form and mean the completed action. "Draw" - that is, finish the drawing, complete it.
And this is how the participles of perfect verbs will look like:
- Read, write, draw, closed. The phrase "read the book" will mean that the reading is already finished, the action is completed.
Communion imperfect
The imperfective verbs correspond to the question “What to do?”. Such verbs denote unfinished action.
Examples:
- Run, jump, draw, dance, listen.
Therefore, the participles from the imperfective verbs will answer the question “What is he doing?” What did you do? ”
Examples:
- Running, jumping, drawing, dancing, listening. These actions denote the process, i.e. they are not completed.
The phrase "drawing girl" speaks of the process of drawing itself, that is, the action is not completed.
The main difference between the participles of the perfect and imperfect form is that they originate from different forms of the verb and indicate either the completed action or the process of its fulfillment.
Valid participles
The sacraments are divided into two large groups: real and passive. What is the difference between them?
If the sacrament refers to the subject that performs the action, then it is valid.
Example:
- Cat walking in the yard. / The cat herself walks in the yard, that is, performs the action on her own.
- Grandmother setting the table. / Grandma sets the table, that is, she performs the action herself.
Real participles can be used in the form of the present or past. Particular attention should be paid to suffixes when writing. Real participles in the present tense come from only imperfective verbs. If the participle is used in the present tense and is formed from the verb of the first conjugation, then it can have the following suffixes: -yu-, -you-. If the participle forms the verb of the second conjugation, then the suffixes –ash-, -yash- are used. The real participles of the past tense come from the verbs of both the perfect and the imperfect form. At this time, they will have the suffixes -wsh- or -sh-.
Holy Communion
Since real participles refer to an object that itself performs an action, it is easy to assume that passive participles refer to objects over which someone performs an action.
Example:
- The collected mushrooms lay on the table. / The mushrooms did not collect themselves, but someone performed this action on them, so the "collected" communion is passive.
- The disassembled suitcase was lying near the closet. / The suitcase did not dismantle itself, but someone did it, that is, “disassembled” is a passive communion.
Passive participles, like real ones, can take the form of the present and past. In the present, they are formed only from imperfective verbs. If the verb was the first conjugation, then the participle will mark the suffix –em or –om. If the verb was of the second conjugation, then the suffix –im- is used. Passive participles can form the past tense form from verbs of both the perfect and the imperfect form. In the past tense, suffixes –n (n) -, –en (n) -, –t– are used. The choice of a particular suffix will depend on the verb from which the participle originates. But it is worth noting that complete passive participles of the perfect form are written with two –nn- in the suffix, and one –n- is used only in short passive participles.
Punctuation marks
In a participle letter with dependent words are called participle circulation. There are some rules for registering a turnover using punctuation marks.
If the word being identified is in the first place, and the sacramentic turnover follows after it, then the latter will be highlighted with commas:
- The paintings hanging on the opposite wall delighted and inspired. / In this sentence, the defined word “pictures”, the participle turnover follows it, therefore, there are commas on both sides.
But if the turnover is before the defined word, then it does not stand out with commas:
- Pictures hanging on the opposite wall delighted and inspired. / “Pictures” also remains a definable word, but now it stands after the sacrament.
As with many rules, there are exceptions. If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the participle will be highlighted with commas, even if it is in front of it.
If the participial revolution is located before the word that it defines, but there are other members of the sentence between them, then it is also highlighted by a comma.
So, in order to easily use the participles in written and oral speech, although they are much more common in oral speech, it is necessary first of all to understand the difference between the participle and the adjective. The field of this you need to understand what forms are used in different cases. For example, how best to use the perfect and imperfect participles.
And, finally, for the proper execution of turns on the letter, it is necessary to learn how to place punctuation marks. It is very useful to look through fiction, where the participles are quite common. Such works will serve as a good example. Encountering a participle in the text, you can stop and analyze how it is used and what punctuation marks surround it.