With the transition to new educational standards, the issue of conducting reflection in the lesson has become quite relevant. Many teachers do not attach much importance to this stage of the lesson, some relate to its conduct purely formally: if it is required, then we will conduct it. In our article, we will try to understand what reflection is at the end of the lesson; examples on the GEF will show how it can be carried out.
The concept of reflection
Before moving on, you need to understand the very concept of what this word means. The word "reflection" in the dictionaries of the Russian language interprets as introspection and self-esteem of its activities. If we talk about reflection as a lesson stage, then this is an assessment of one’s state, emotions, results of one’s activity in a lesson.
The word "reflection" has a Latin origin from the word reflexio, which means the ability to think, to conduct self-observation and understanding of their activities.
From the point of view of psychology, the formation of a student’s personality is closely related to reflection: if a child does not know how to do this, then he does not play the role of the subject of the educational process.
That is why it is advisable that reflection begins in elementary school. The absence of this stage of the lesson shows that the lesson is aimed only at the activity process, and not at the development of the student’s personality.
Reflection functions
When the teacher begins to systematically use reflection in his classes, then comes the realization that it helps to control the class, it becomes clear already during the lesson that it causes difficulties. Reflection in the lesson on GEF helps students to more consciously relate to the knowledge gained, to systematize the experience, to adequately compare the results of their work in the lesson with other children and evaluate them.
If you ask what reflection gives the child, then the following can be noted:
- He begins to understand why this topic is being studied in the lesson and how it can be useful to him in his life.
- Reflection at school helps students set goals and achieve them.
- The guys are beginning to realize that they can contribute to the common cause.
- Reflection will show how much the child is able to adequately evaluate his work, as well as comrades.
Given all this, we can say that the reflection at the end of the lesson — examples of GEF will be discussed later — makes the process of mastering new knowledge more interesting and meaningful for the children.
Types of reflection
When a teacher communicates with children during the lesson, then, given the circumstances, he uses one of the types of reflection. There are several of them, and they reflect the spheres of the human essence:
- The physical sphere involves the answer to the question: did it in time or did not.
- Sensory implies the well-being of the child in the lesson, whether he felt comfortable or not.
- The intellectual sphere shows that the student understood in the lesson what difficulties he had in the process of working on new material.
- Spiritual. It can be noted that the child, analyzing the lesson from this position, can say that it affected him positively or negatively, he created himself or destroyed and how he influenced his comrades.
There is an erroneous opinion that reflection on GEF should be carried out only at the end of the lesson, but this is not at all the case. It can be used at any stage, as it should be aimed at understanding what the child is doing.
The following types of reflection can also be distinguished:
- Individual, which is carried out with each child to identify real self-esteem.
- Group reflection focuses on the work of each group member to achieve common goals. The following questions will be relevant here: "What help did you have ... (name)? Would you do better if you worked or didn’t work ... (name)?"
Psychologists have their own opinion of what reflection may be at the end of the lesson; examples of GEF will be presented below. From their point of view, it happens:
- Communicative. It shows the child's ideas about the inner world of her comrade, about the reasons that prompted him to do one way or another.
- For personal reflection, the object is the student’s personality itself, its qualities, behavior, relationships with others.
- Intelligent reflection becomes relevant in the process of solving various kinds of problems, in the ability to analyze their decisions, find more rational and effective.
The content of reflection may also vary, depending on this it happens:
- Symbolic when symbols are used to evaluate one’s condition or work, for example, cards, emoticons, tokens.
- Oral reflection involves a coherent and understandable statement of one’s thoughts about the lesson.
- Writing takes a lot of time, and is least used.
And we can give another classification, which is based on the functions of reflection:
- Reflection of mood and emotional state.
- Reflection of activity.
- Reflection of the content of educational material.
Next, you need to become more familiar with the different types of reflection.
Emotional reflection
This kind of reflection is often used at the very beginning of the lesson. Her goal is to establish emotional contact with students and set them up for a friendly attitude and fruitful work. But such a reflection at the end of the lesson will also be appropriate.
The techniques that can be used to conduct such a reflection can be very different. Further we will consider them in more detail.
Examples of emotional reflection
Each teacher in his arsenal has many techniques for conducting this type of reflection. Let's consider only some of them:
- Reception "Smiley". Its essence is that the teacher at the beginning of the lesson gives the children an image of a human face, but without facial features. The task of children is to draw on the face those emotions that are characteristic of them at the moment. It is not forbidden to supplement the image with other objects, for example, draw balloons or flowers in your hand. To simplify, you can use ready-made emoticons, and children only choose the one that matches their mood. This technique can be used at the end of the lesson to assess the emotional state of the children at the stage of completion of work.
- Reception "The Sun". On the board is a circle from the sun, and the guys have rays and clouds. Approaching the sun, they should attach the rays, if they liked the lesson, and close it with a cloud, if they did not learn anything useful for themselves.
- Reading an emotional poem that is consistent with the theme of the lesson, and then asking students how they feel? What mood do these lines inspire?
Emotional reflection is very important. Children get used to assess their condition and talk freely about it. Sometimes for many adults this is just not enough to communicate with their loved ones and express how they feel. Often a simple heart-to-heart talk solves all problems at once.
Emotional reflection is easy to carry out even in elementary school, children learn to express their emotions and analyze their mood.
Activity reflection
This kind of reflection helps optimize the learning process. Students using the methods of this reflection can consciously relate to the methods that they choose to achieve their goals. As a result, the efficiency of obtaining knowledge is significantly increased.
Reflection of activity allows you to evaluate the activity of students during the entire lesson. Such reflection is indispensable at the final stage of the lesson. She teaches children to adequately evaluate their work in the lesson, the methods and methods that they choose in order to achieve the planned result. With its help, students can see their weaknesses and find out where there are gaps in knowledge.
Examples of activity reflection
All teachers already have large reserves of various ways of conducting this type of reflection. Here are some examples of the most famous:
- An interesting reflection at the end of the lesson in the form of "Ladders of Success". The child chooses the step that corresponds to him. On the lower man’s hands are lowered and this symbolizes that nothing happened in the lesson. The middle step with a man whose arms are spread apart, which indicates the presence of some problems during the lesson. Upper step with a man with arms raised up. This suggests that everything that was planned, managed to be done.
- "Train". On the board is an image of a train with wagons that represent the stages of the lesson. The children are invited to evaluate each of them, dropping a “happy face” or “sad” depending on whether they liked to perform the tasks offered by the teacher.
- "Flower meadow". On the board is a glade with multi-colored flowers that have the names of activities. Students should plant a butterfly on the flower they like best.
- In calligraphy lessons in elementary school you can conduct a reflection called "Signs". Pupils must in their notebooks — or it is possible to exchange notebooks with their comrades — to highlight or underline the letter that is written most beautifully.
With the help of various types of reflection, it will always be convenient for the teacher to see a visual picture of the assimilation of new material.
Material Content Reflection
This type of reflection is aimed at revealing the degree of awareness of the guys new material. Most often it is carried out at the end of the lesson, but if there are several blocks of material in the lesson, then it may be more efficient to use such reflection after each stage of the work.
This reflective activity will immediately show what the guys learn quickly and well, and which issues require more detailed study and repetition. Using this type of reflection, you can quickly summarize the lesson.
Content Reflection Examples
A large number of such types of reflection can also be offered. The teacher can change them depending on the strength of the class, the material that is studied in the lesson. Here are just some methods of its implementation:
- Answer the question. Reflection questions at the end of the lesson may be as follows:
- What did I find out today?
- Was it hard for me or not?
- Did I understand the material or were there any difficulties?
- Did I learn something new?
- I was able to achieve a result?
2. Reception "Plus-minus-interesting." It can be performed both orally and in writing by distributing cards to children. “Plus” is what I liked, “minus” - I didn’t like it, and “interesting” shows what new and interesting facts the guys learned in the lesson.
3. Compilation of syncwine. This five-poem can be applied at the final stage of the lesson.
Reflection at the end of the lesson is very important; examples on the FSES can be cited almost ad infinitum.
How to develop a reflexive technique
When choosing different methods of reflection, each teacher must take into account some points:
- The age of the guys and the composition of the class.
- Features of a specific subject and lesson topic.
- The feasibility of reflection at a certain stage of the lesson.
It is very important that the reflection at the end of the lesson is not carried out formally, but gives its tangible results.
How to teach children reflection
So that children can freely participate in reflection, this must be taught already from the first classes. The learning process can be divided into several stages:
- Ability to analyze your mood.
- Analyze your achievements.
- At the third stage, teach children to analyze the work of their classmates.
- At the last stage, the analysis of the work of the whole class is taught.
Only by working constantly in this direction can good results be achieved when students are not afraid to express their opinions and will adequately evaluate not only their work, but also the merits of their comrades.
Each teacher must remember that a lesson for a child is not just a lesson in a particular subject, but a real lesson in life, in which he learns to be aware of himself among people, to value his own and other people's work, to evaluate his actions, to form responsibility for himself and his relatives in this world. It is necessary to teach children to overcome difficulties, because in life there are many on their way.
Only the creative approach of teachers can bring up a real modern personality.