A complex of manipulations designed to prevent potentially possible complications has been developed for the quality of various medical procedures. One of them is an aspiration test. What it is, what it is used for, how it is conducted, is described below.
Physics and Medicine
Without air, a person cannot live even a few seconds. This natural mixture, many gases, as well as their absence - vacuum, are widely used in human life. For example, in medicine and some areas of production, an aspiration sampling method is used. In medicine, this term refers to several concepts:
- a procedure that allows for the collection of material using vacuum;
- physiological process based on the effect of "suction", arising from a decrease in pressure.
In the article, we consider another concept used in medical practice, called an aspiration test. As a physical phenomenon, aspiration is the process of absorption of air through special instruments or devices, which is then studied and analyzed for the content of substances in the test material.
The meaning of the test
In medicine, an aspiration test is used for self-control of medical personnel during manipulations, for example, when injecting, as well as when removing biomaterial for further study. Used in ecology, with sanitary-epidemiological control and in industry, the suction method of air sampling allows the analysis of gas or liquid. The suction technique is simple and in many cases does not require sophisticated equipment. By pulling the material under study using artificially created vacuum into special equipment, a specialist can even visually, if it is provided for by the working algorithm used, determine the presence or absence of certain inclusions. The sampling of air by the suction method is a quick and quite informative way to obtain the necessary information about the composition and quality of the gas. In medicine, aspiration of biological fluid allows for competent and high-quality self-monitoring of a medical worker during injection. After all, the delivery of a drug should be carried out in a certain way: some drugs must immediately enter the bloodstream, other substances must be delivered intramuscularly. It is the process of correctly setting the injection that allows you to track the aspiration sample.
Anesthesia
Self-control by aspiration during the procedure has become widespread among medical professionals, because parenteral administration of drugs is used in almost all areas of medicine. Anesthesia is no exception. The drug must act in a certain way, depending on the tasks. Anesthesia aspiration test is a method of monitoring before administering a drug by injection to make sure the syringe needle is positioned correctly to obtain the desired result. Local work of anesthetic substance is provided by its introduction into the extravascular space. This is precisely what can determine the preliminary fence of the environment of the place where the needle with the active component fell.
Dentistry
An aspiration test in dentistry is a technique that allows you to assess the quality of the upcoming anesthesia. In dentistry, there are a lot of types of anesthesia administration, they differ both in the method of analgesic delivery and in the place of its administration. But the aspiration test in any case should be a mandatory preliminary procedure. Dental anesthesia should not enter the bloodstream and spread to nearby tissues and organs. Its purpose is local work providing pain relief during the procedure in a small area of the oral cavity. In dental practice, special syringes are used, which have not only all the classical parts of this tool, but also special devices on the piston for its correct retention when creating translational and return movements. To date, an aspiration test in dentistry using a karpulny syringe is considered the most convenient and technologically thought-out way to both administer anesthetic and evaluate the correctness of the manipulation.
Cosmetology
Aesthetic medicine is developing rapidly. But such a procedure as injection remains the most common way of introducing drugs and cosmetics into the subcutaneous and deep layers of the epidermis. With this procedure, tissue embolization is potentially dangerous. In order to avoid the adverse effects of the intervention, an aspiration test in cosmetology is performed. What is this manipulation? Its purpose is to control the correct location of the medical instrument to obtain a high-quality result with minimal complications. During the intervention, the specialist must take into account many factors, one of which will be the individual scheme of the patient's vascular system. Therefore, a test to verify the correctness of the procedure is simply necessary. For example, if during the procedure of introducing the gel into the subcutaneous layer, the active substance enters the blood vessel, this will cause a violation of the blood flow, and then ischemia and necrosis. In addition, in some cases, the retrograde introduction of special material is indicated, which also involves the use of aspiration.
Biomaterial fence
Conducting medical manipulations may also have the aim of taking a cytological sample for its investigation. An aspiration test also helps. The need for a biopsy, for example, is determined by a doctor. Often this procedure is carried out simultaneously with other diagnostic measures, for example, with bronchoscopy, colonoscopy, and so on. The collection of tissues or fluids necessary for the analysis is carried out either with a syringe or with an aspiration gun - a more powerful design designed only for these purposes. The cytological sample is then delivered to the laboratory for research, therefore the sampling procedure is the most significant stage of the biopsy.
Microbiology
Of particular importance is such a procedure as the aspiration method of air sampling, microbiology. The science that studies the inhabitants of the microworld helps many areas of knowledge and human activity to develop, taking into account and using the features of the vital activity of microorganisms. Aspiration tests of air intake are widely used in sanitary and epidemiological control. Moreover, the sampling of the material is the most critical stage, the quality of the analysis depends on the correct execution of which. An aspiration test in this case is a compulsory method of sedimentation of microorganisms from the environment onto a nutrient material or a special trapping liquid. So specialists can observe their growth and conduct research.
Methods of sampling in medicine
In medicine, the same syringe used for injection is used as an aspiration device. The basic principle of operation of devices and devices for carrying out aspiration manipulation is vacuum suction of the medium. For example, the reverse movement of the piston of the syringe, which creates negative pressure.
The technique for monitoring the correctness of the injection recommends that the following algorithm be observed:
- The piston of the syringe, already put into working position, must be pulled gently on itself, without applying unnecessary efforts.
- The piston stroke can be as little as 1-2 millimeters in order to get a sufficient suction pressure.
- It is unacceptable to change the position of the syringe both during an aspiration test, and during the injection. To do this, it is fixed with the help of the ring finger and the little finger of the medical worker conducting the procedure.
- If the needle is thin, it may take a few seconds for the results to appear. If the test is positive (which depends on the intended result), then the injection is put in place without moving the needle. If the test result is negative, then the needle is either displaced by several millimeters without being removed from the tissues, or the injection site itself is changed.
When staging an injection in a highly vascularized area, several aspiration tests may be required to select the optimal location for the procedure.
Analysis Tools
Carrying out manipulations to collect material and track expected results requires the use of special tools or devices. In medicine, such a tool is a syringe with a needle. For example, an aspiration test with a syringe is widely used in dentistry. This tool can have several design options, which depend on the capsule itself (a two-chamber flask containing anesthetic and drug solution), and on the design of the piston. The prerogative of such tools is an aspiration test in dentistry, although design features that allow fixing both the tool itself and the piston movement (both direct and return) are used in many branches of medicine where injections are necessary. Also in practice, an aspiration gun is used - a more powerful device designed to collect biomaterials. In medicine, aspiration is not only purely medical procedures. For example, many parents know what an aspirator is - a special pear with a nozzle that allows you to remove the contents of the nasal cavity of a nursing baby, which cannot yet independently get rid of the accumulated mucus.
A wider range of tools is used in other areas of human life, where it is necessary to carry out environmental sampling. Sampling of air by the aspiration method in sanitary epidemiology is carried out using the following instruments:
- Seitz apparatus;
- Krotov's apparatus;
- Rechmensky bacteriological trap;
- Andersen appliances;
- Dyakonov device;
- air sampling device (POV-1);
- Kiktenko device;
- aerosol bacteriological sampler (PAB-1);
- bacterial-viral electro-precipitator (BVEP-1).
Such an abundance of devices for aspiration in sanitary epidemiology and other fields of science suggests that each of them has its own shortcomings or is not able to perform the complex of functions necessary in each particular case.
An air sampling aspirator is a tool or device used in industry or when performing sanitary and epidemiological control. Depending on the conditions, devices are used that allow the air to be drawn in by filtering its contents for subsequent study or removal.
Devices for aspiration and extraction of solid elements from the air are widely used in workshops both industrial and amateur. For example, during the processing of wood, air is taken from under the tool along with chips that are separated and removed from the workplace.
If you do not pay too much attention to some features, then any exhaust device that works on the created forced negative pressure can be called aspiration.
Activity factors
An aspiration test is an effective way to control the ongoing medical manipulation, as well as the collection of material for further study. Any medical procedure should be safe in the first place. To assess the risk and effectiveness of aspiration manipulation, a specialist must consider several factors:
- rheology, that is, fluidity, of the drug and biomaterial taken;
- geometric parameters of the needle: its diameter and length;
- the dimensions of the syringe itself, its dimensions and, therefore, the physical capabilities of creating back pressure;
- suction time;
- back pressure value;
- patient's blood pressure.
Result
A positive aspiration test depends on what result you need to get it. When conducting an intravenous injection, a test is considered positive, the result of which is the presence of a small amount of blood in the syringe. This means that the needle is intravascular. However, such testing is not always completely adequate, therefore, when carrying out some medical procedures, for example, when “injecting” silicone or other fluids into the skin layers, care must be taken so that tissue embolization does not result in the procedure, which can lead to serious complications, up to necrosis.
Conclusion
An aspiration test is one of the effective and quick ways to evaluate the correctness of medical manipulation. But its reliability, as experts and the basics of physics say, depends mainly on the density and rheological qualities of the working material. The method is widespread not only in medical practice, but also in the study of the qualitative composition of air. For carrying out the aspiration procedure in each area of its application, its own devices and tools are used. In particular, to assess the quality and composition of the air used devices that capture particulate matter, as well as microorganisms and bacteria.