The Russian language is one of the richest, most beautiful and complex. Not least of all, the presence of a large number of means of verbal expressiveness makes it this way.
In this article we will analyze what a language tool is and what types it happens. Consider examples of use from fiction and everyday speech.
Language tools in Russian - what is it?
Means of verbal expressiveness are used in Russian to give the text special meaning, beauty and depth. They help to express the author’s attitude to the subject of discussion, to draw attention to the most expressive features of the subject, event or phenomenon.
It is impossible to imagine Russian poetry and literature if the use of linguistic means is excluded. The use of words that make the text expressive not only decorate it, but also show the level of the writer’s skill, his speech culture, style.
The description of the most ordinary subject can be made beautiful and unusual by using linguistic artistic means.
Words and expressions that give expressiveness to the text are conventionally divided into three groups: phonetic, lexical (they are paths) and stylistic figures.
To answer the question, what is a language tool, get to know them closer.
Lexical means of expression
Trails - language means in Russian, which are used by the author in a figurative, allegorical meaning. Widely used in fiction.
Trails serve to create visual, auditory, olfactory images. They help create a certain atmosphere, produce the desired effect on the reader.
The basis of lexical means of expression is hidden or explicit comparison. It can be based on external resemblance, personal associations of the author or the desire to describe the object in a specific way.
Main language tools: trails
We encounter paths from the school bench. Recall the most common of them:
- Epithet is the most famous and widespread trail. Often found in poetic works. Epithet is a colorful, expressive definition that is based on hidden comparison. Emphasizes the features of the described object, its most expressive features. Examples: “rosy dawn”, “light character”, “golden hands”, “silver voice”.
- Comparison - a word or expression based on a comparison of one subject with another. Most often, it takes the form of a comparative turnover. You can learn from the use of alliances characteristic of this technique: as if, as if, as if, exactly, what. Consider the following examples: “transparent as dew”, “white as snow”, “straight as a reed”.
- A metaphor is a means of expression, which is based on a hidden comparison. But, unlike the comparative turnover, it is not formalized by unions. A metaphor is built, relying on the similarity of two objects of speech. For example: “onions of churches”, “whisper of grass”, “tears of heaven”.
- Synonyms are words close in meaning, but differing in spelling. In addition to classical synonyms, contextual ones exist. They take on a specific meaning within a specific text. Let's get acquainted with examples: "jump - jump", "watch - see".
- Antonyms are words that have the exact opposite meaning to each other. Like synonyms, they are contextual. Example: “white - black”, “shouting - whispering”, “calm - excitement”.
- Impersonation - the transfer to an inanimate object of signs, characteristic features of animate. For example: “the willow shook the branches”, “the sun was smiling brightly”, “the rain was pounding on the roofs”, “the radio was twittering in the kitchen”.
Are there other trails?
There are a lot of means of lexical expressiveness in Russian. In addition to a group of acquaintances to everyone, there are those that are unknown to many, but are also widely used:
- Metonymy is the replacement of one word with another having the same or the same meaning. Let's get acquainted with examples: “hey, a blue jacket (addressing a person in a blue jacket)”, “the whole class opposed (I mean all the students in the class)”.
- Sinekdoha - transfer of comparison from part to whole, and vice versa. Example: “it was heard how the Frenchman rejoiced (the author speaks of the French army)”, “the insect flew”, “there were a hundred heads in the herd”.
- Allegory is an expressive comparison of ideas or concepts using an artistic image. Most often found in fairy tales, fables and parables. For example, a fox symbolizes cunning, a hare symbolizes cowardice, a wolf symbolizes malice.
- Hyperbole is an intentional exaggeration. Serves to give the text more expressiveness. He puts emphasis on a certain quality of an object, person or phenomenon. Let's get acquainted with examples: “words destroy hope”, “his act is the highest evil”, “he has become more beautiful forty times”.
- Litota is a special understatement of real facts. For example: "he was thinner than a reed," "he was no taller than a thimble."
- Periphrase is the replacement of a word, expression with a synonymous combination. It is used to avoid lexical repetitions in one or neighboring sentences. Example: “the fox is a cunning cheat”, “the text is the author’s brainchild”.
Stylistic figures
Stylistic figures are linguistic means in the Russian language that give speech a certain imagery, expressiveness. Change the emotional coloring of its meanings.
Figures of speech are widely used in poetry and prose since the time of ancient poets. However, modern and outdated interpretations of the term differ.
In ancient Greece, it was believed that stylistic figures are the linguistic means of language, which in their form are significantly different from everyday speech. Now it is believed that figures of speech are an integral part of the spoken language.
What are stylistic figures?
Stylistics offers a lot of own funds:
- Lexical repetitions (anaphora, epiphora, compositional junction) are expressive linguistic means that include repeating any part of a sentence at the beginning, end, or at the junction with the following. For example: “It was a wonderful sound. It was the best voice I've heard in recent years. ”
- Antithesis - one or more sentences based on opposition. For example, consider the phrase: “I am dragging myself in the dust - and I am in the heavens.”
- Graduation - the use in a sentence of synonyms located according to the degree of increase or decrease of a sign. Example: "Sparks on a Christmas tree shone, burned, shone."
- Oxymoron - the inclusion in a phrase of words that contradict each other in meaning can not be used in one composition. The most striking and famous example of this stylistic figure is Dead Souls.
- Inversion - a change in the classical order of words in a sentence. For example, not “he was running”, but “he was running”.
- Parcellation - the division of a single proposal in several parts. For example: “On the contrary, Nikolai. Looks without blinking. "
- Multi-union - the use of unions to connect homogeneous members of a proposal. It is used for greater speech expressiveness. Example: "It was a strange and amazing, and beautiful, and mysterious day."
- Alliance - the connection of homogeneous members in the proposal is carried out without alliances. For example: "He rushed about, shouted, cried, moaned."
Phonetic means of expression
Phonetic means of expression - the smallest group. They include the repetition of certain sounds in order to create pictorial artistic images.
Most often this technique is used in poetry. The authors use the repetition of sounds when they want to convey the sound of peals of thunder, rustling leaves or other natural phenomena.
Phonetic means also help to give poetry a certain character. Through the use of some combinations of sounds, the text can be made more rigid, or vice versa - soft.
What phonetic facilities exist?
- Alliteration is a repetition in the text of the same consonants creating the image necessary for the author. For example: "I dreamed of catching departing shadows, departing shadows of a dying day."
- Assonance is the repetition of certain vowel sounds in order to create a vivid artistic image. For example: "Do I wander along the noisy streets, I enter the populous temple."
- Onomatopoeia is the use of phonetic combinations that convey a specific sound effect: the clatter of hooves, the sound of waves, the rustle of leaves.
The use of speech means of expression
Language means in Russian were widely used and continue to be used in literary works, whether it be prose or poetry.
Excellent mastery of stylistic figures is demonstrated by the writers of the golden age. Due to the masterful use of expressive means, their works are colorful, imaginative, and pleasant to hear. No wonder they are considered a national treasure of Russia.
We encounter linguistic means not only in fiction, but also in everyday life. Almost every person uses comparisons, metaphors, epithets in their speech. Without realizing it, we make our language beautiful and rich.