Not all students know how to draw up an abstract. After, according to new federal standards, the creation of their own projects or studies became mandatory for students of secondary schools, this issue became relevant for students.
Let's try to find out the basic requirements that apply to such work. Agree, it's a shame when instead of the desired excellent mark for serious research, the teacher puts only "satisfactory".
General rules
Let's try to understand how to properly draw up an abstract on humanitarian and scientific disciplines. You need to start from the first sheet, which is called the business card of the abstract. How to draw up a title abstract? Currently, they use different versions of essays; each of them has its own requirements for the design of the first page. We will talk about educational essays, which are most often found in secondary schools, technical schools, and higher educational institutions.
Title page
Many schools and universities strictly approach the design of creative works. That is why it is important to know how to properly design a title page of an abstract. It implies several components. First, the name (full) of the educational institution: school, college, university, on the basis of which the work is carried out, is indicated. It assumes formatting in the center of the sheet. The inscription “abstract” follows, the name of the work, the discipline in which it is done, is indicated.
We continue the conversation on how to properly draw up an abstract. The model for the university involves an indication on the title page of the department, faculty. Then it is necessary to indicate information about the author of the work: F. I. O., course, as well as data from the supervisor, his academic degree. The information block is located on the page to the right. In the center, at the bottom of the page indicate the year of writing the essay, as well as the city.
As the main size for the title page, choose - 14, write the word "ABSTRACT" in a larger font. In order to clarify how to properly draw up a title page from an abstract, you can ask for a sample from the supervisor.
Content
It is placed on the second sheet of work, it includes an introduction, paragraphs and chapters, conclusion, conclusions, recommendations, a list of references and annexes.
A prerequisite is the indication for each individual element of the page number. Applications can be in the form of separate sheets, folders with materials, disks. They complement and decorate the essay. How to arrange the content?
In the upper part, the word "content" is written in the center without quotation marks. Then detailed information about all the basic elements of the work is indicated, formatting is taken on the left edge.
To understand how to properly draw up an abstract, a sample of the content of the school abstract is proposed.
Introduction
This part should be in the school essay, and in term paper, and in the diploma. It is divided into chapters. In some cases, several points (paragraphs) are distinguished within the material. Speaking about how to properly draw up an abstract, we note that the chapters are best to start from a new page. In some works, it is allowed to indicate on separate sheets only the main paragraphs. Many students try to artificially “inflate” the volume of their work in order to fulfill volume requirements. But teachers quickly understand this trick and punish the wards with a low rating.
Main part
Speaking about how to properly draw up an abstract according to GOST, we note that in the main text it is necessary to present the material logically, sequentially, without departing from the main topic of work.
Not all students know how to draw up an abstract. The sample proposed below is a student’s work in chemistry. Of course, between student and student work there are significant differences in design. The similarity lies in the need for a personal position in the abstract motivated by arguments and concrete examples. All paragraph titles are indicated in the center; it is not intended to highlight them in a different font or underline.
A mandatory element of any work is a debriefing, drawing up logical conclusions.
Bibliographic list
Let's try to understand how to properly draw up a list of references in the abstract. Depending on what area the author touches in the work, he selects certain literary sources. All of them are indicated after the main material in alphabetical order. First, the author of the book is recorded, its title, then the year of issue of the source, the number of pages.
Speaking about how to properly draw up literature in an abstract, we note that good work should have at least 7-10 books. We give an example of the design of one of the sources.
Ivanov I.I. Intergalactic electric motors. - M.: Polytech, 2014 .-- 421 p.
A mandatory element of good work is the use of bibliography references in the main text. For this, square brackets with numbers corresponding to the position of the book in the list of references are placed inside the work.
Applications
How to draw up an abstract? The sample school work presented below contains additional materials - appendices. Each should have a name, be indicated in the table of contents, begin with a new sheet. The finished material is printed, then fastened, put into a folder.
Having figured out how to draw up an abstract, we will present a sample for the school using the example of work in chemistry.
The role of Mendeleev in the development of the oil industry
Table of contents
Introduction Page
Main part.
Chapter 1. A look into the distant past. Page
Chapter 2. D. I. Mendeleev and the oil industry. Page
Chapter 3. Analysis of the contribution of D. I. Mendeleev to the oil industry. Page
Conclusion Page
Application. Page
Bibliographic list. Page
Introduction.
D. I. Mendeleev wrote that labor is not vanity, serious work. He presented it as a calm, measured occupation that benefits other people. The great scientist has always sought to get rid of unnecessary fuss; he devoted his whole life to serving his country.
These ideas of the great scientist make it possible to understand why he never thought about his own material gain. Throughout his life, he managed to introduce many innovative ideas that contribute to the prosperity of Russia. And all this thanks to his ability to work, to complete the work begun, patience and prudence.
Nowadays, there is a real oil "boom". The prices for “black gold” are closely connected with the economy of our country and, therefore, with our material well-being, so there is no doubt about the relevance of the topic I have chosen. We live in a world of products and things derived from oil. Maybe historians will call our period oil, because, in my opinion, there is no such sphere of human activity wherever there are oil products.
In my work, I want to analyze how important the name of D. I. Mendeleev is significant in the oil industry. Thus, I set myself the following tasks:
- find out the past of oil;
- to analyze the importance of D. I. Mendeleev in solving the problems of refining petroleum products, to show the contribution that the scientist made to the development of the domestic oil industry;
- correlate today's oil industry with the future of the industry.
Chapter 1. A look into the distant past.
At present, it is difficult to mark the dates when humanity first encountered oil. In my opinion, this happened at the very beginning of the development of Earth's civilization, when, through trial and error, a man was looking for useful substances. Probably the first thing that aroused interest in oil was its astringent properties. It was used as glue and as an additive to building materials. In the tombs of the Middle East, in the ruins of the ancient civilizations of America, jewelry and various constructions fastened with "oil cement" are found.
Probably, from the day when a person first encountered oil and began to use it for lighting homes, for making ointments, he was interested in the question of what oil is and where it came from. Hundreds of years have passed, but the exact answer has not been found to this question. Oil is a natural mixture of hydrocarbons mixed with sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds. It is as natural a fossil fuel as coal. It differs from other combustible minerals in its high hydrogen content and the amount of heat released during its combustion.
Chapter 2. D. I. Mendeleev and the oil industry.
An initial assumption about the origin of oil was made at the end of the last century by D. I. Mendeleev, who considered the formation of oil hydrocarbons as a result of the interaction of water with metal carbides, and V. D. Sokolov, who pointed to the cosmic origin of oil.
According to D. I. Mendeleev, oil hydrocarbons could be formed as follows: 2 FeC + 3 H 2 O = Fe 2 O 3 + C 2 H 6 .
When in 1863 D.I. Mendeleev decided to devote his activities to the oil refining industry, he was offered strong resistance from scientists who claimed that there was no oil in the country. Mendeleev continued to defend his point of view, with enviable tenacity he considered issues related to the origin, production, transportation, and refining of oil.
Chapter 3. Analysis of the contribution of D. I. Mendeleev to the oil industry.
I’ll try to analyze what has changed in the oil industry after D. I. Mendeleev, because a lot of time has passed. The scientist’s activities, the work of people who helped him realize the idea, are evaluated by one criterion - the ruble, the cost of implementing the idea and the effect of its implementation. D. I. Mendeleev attached great importance to this; this question remains relevant today. D.I. Mendeleev suggested using all oil refining products, which is happening now. D. I. Mendeleev advised to make a profit in oil refining not due to an increase in production, but namely due to high-quality processing of raw materials. In addition, D.I. Mendeleev called for saving oil. In order to avoid the impending crisis in the economic sphere, D.I. Mendeleev called for the use of alternative energy sources, as well as:
a) use natural resources economically and rationally;
b) create new sources of raw materials that can replace natural classic raw materials.
The pace of oil production is growing, industrially available oil reserves have been developed, their reserves are insignificant, the prospect of opening new deposits is not so great. Oil has become an expensive and inaccessible mineral. After it you have to go to remote uninhabited areas, to complex geological zones.
Oil has become a criterion for evaluating the profitability of any production; It has become the international benchmark for the price of each product produced in any country in the world. The scientist tried to find the best option for high-quality oil refining, to create continuous production in our country.
No matter how Dmitry Mendeleev tried to prove to the scientific world that he was right, dealing with the issues of tanker production and the calculation of the pipeline, all his arguments were not taken into account, they ran into a blank wall of misunderstanding. Currently, the thermal distillation of oil proposed by D. I. Mendeleev is functioning quite successfully.
Not all of D.I. and Mendeleev’s brilliant ideas have been implemented, but it’s a pity that the Russian oil industry would probably improve and bring considerable income to the country.
Conclusion
In my opinion, do not forget that our world is approaching the turn of the fourth millennium of a new era. What will it be, what awaits a person beyond this line? Thoughts about what awaits people in the future are always relevant. Currently, ideas about the possibilities of using oil and its refined products have significantly increased. That level of development of science and technology, computer technology, all this makes it possible to foresee future events, change something, and mitigate the negative consequences of the combustion of petroleum products. Saving natural fuel resources of oil is only an insignificant measure that does not solve the existing problem as a whole. If at present it is impossible to refuse to burn oil, then at least it can be tried to do so with maximum effect. A partial replacement of hydrocarbons for the production of gasolines can be accomplished by using a mixture of them with oxygen-containing substances such as methyl, ethyl and butyl alcohols.
Oil is a valuable raw material for the chemical industry, and therefore, it seems to me that in the future it will be this area of oil consumption that will be a priority, and fusion products may become sources of energy.
conclusions
Summing up the results of the work done, I can confidently say that the world has the opportunity to overcome the critical commodity situation related to oil reserves. To solve these problems lies with us, the descendants of D. I. Mendeleev.