The generalized form of the disease is a pathological course of the process, covering various systems and organs. The term refers to the situation of the presence of a primary focus with subsequent coverage of other zones. A generalized option can be when spreading to other tissues of the same organ or when covering the body as a whole. Consider some features of this course of the disease.
About terminology
The generalized form is a concept used not only in pathology, but also in physiology. Outside of pathological processes, it means the spread of excitation along the central nervous system of an animal creature. This occurs in the human body, inherent in animals. Generalized processes are observed if there is a pulsed peripheral effect. Often they are provoked by strong irritating factors - pain, food. Perhaps the influence of a new factor, still indifferent to the body and requiring orientation in a changed situation. In the cerebral hemispheres, generalization is the first step in the formation of a conditioned reflex.
In pathology, a generalized form is a condition in which a initially limited lesion zone spreads and turns into covering different parts and tissues. This is possible with a tumor, infection, some other variants of the disease. During generalization, foci appear in different parts of the body. This term cannot be used to denote a gradual increase in the initial site, since it does not lead to the formation of new areas of damage.
On the example of epilepsy
Modern medicine knows a huge variety of all kinds of diseases covering the human nervous system. Among the most common is a generalized form of epilepsy. A distinctive feature is the stereotypical seizures that come from time to time. The prevalence rate is up to 10% of the world's population. The cause of the seizure is usually an incorrect discharge in the brain structures, provoking a violation of a person's ability to think. Due to such a discharge, the functionality of the autonomic NS is disrupted, sensitivity and ability to move are disturbed.
For a long time it was believed that the generalized form of epilepsy is incurable. Modern science recognizes this belief as incorrect: highly effective drugs have been developed to alleviate the patient's condition. Complete exclusion of seizures is achievable in approximately 65% of patients. Each patient has a sharp decrease in the severity of the manifestations of seizures from the very beginning of the therapeutic course.
Features: is it possible to succeed?
If the diagnosis showed a generalized form of epilepsy, the patient should tune in to a long therapeutic course. The doctor’s task is to monitor the patient’s condition and periodically examine him, fixing the progress and regression of the condition. Doctors managed to classify the factors that provoke a health problem. Epilepsy is symptomatic, cryptogenic, idiopathic. The first option is accompanied by brain defects: tumor processes, defects, cysts. The idiopathic type is observed due to a genetic factor in the absence of changes in the structure of the brain. A cryptogenic case is one in which it is not possible to establish the cause, but a program selected by the doctor can alleviate the condition.
About forms
In many ways, the success of the treatment of generalized forms of epilepsy is due to the timely start of the course, which means that you need to be able to identify and suspect the disease in the manifesting symptoms. The main manifestations of epilepsy are seizures. Their strength varies. There are two options for the course of the disease: convulsive and not being such. For an outside observer, generalized convulsive disease is the most frightening disease. The attack is accompanied by muscle tension, respiratory arrest, screams. Some patients bite their tongue. On average, after a quarter of a minute, the clonic stage of alternating relaxation and again muscle tension begins.
An uncontrolled type of generalized disease is accompanied by absences. More often the form bothers children, youth. The patient freezes unpredictably, looks at one point, while the look is meaningless. Some cover their eyes, slightly throw their heads back. The eyelids may tremble. The duration of the attack is a few seconds, so they may not be noticed. For many, the final moment of the phase is involuntary urination. Convulsions pass by themselves, the post-attack phase begins - the patient is drawn to sleep, confused consciousness, headache.
Mycobacterium: the disease can be complex
An equally important topic for modern medicine is a generalized form of tuberculosis. A classic understanding of this disease is infection of the pulmonary system, but there is a likelihood of the formation of foci in unpredictable parts of the body. Possible damage to the musculoskeletal system, kidneys, lymph nodes, ureter. If the infection in its manifestations is similar to blood poisoning, a generalized type of flow is established.
Currently, tuberculosis is one of the most common, socially significant and dangerous diseases worldwide. From year to year, new victims of the disease - up to eight million, the number of deaths is estimated at two million. More frequent in countries with low living standards. There is an association with HIV infection. In patients with HIV, the likelihood of transforming the local form of tuberculosis into the entire body is much higher.
HIV and tuberculosis
Studies show that more and more cases of death are detected among people infected with HIV and suffering from diseases associated with such an infection. With immunodeficiency, the risk of tuberculosis is much greater than in the case of other pathological conditions. At any stage, an active form may appear. A wide variety of morphological features and the clinical picture of the case have been established - this is determined by the weakness of the immune system.
Complicated HIV generalized form of tuberculosis today is one of the most common causes of death. Timely diagnosis is one of the serious problems of medicine. In recent years, a generalized type of course with an atypical picture of infection, an alternative inflammatory process, has been increasingly posthumously diagnosed. Giant, epithelioid cell structures do not form, and bacteria show increased resistance to acids.
Infection
A rather serious problem of modern medicine is a generalized form of infection. The term refers to a pathological condition in which the pathogen initiating the disease has penetrated into different parts of the body. Mostly the path of movement is lymph, blood. When infected, bacteremia is observed, that is, a condition in which pathological life forms circulate in the circulatory system without reproducing itself. Virusemia characteristic of such an infection is a condition in which the circulatory system is infected with viruses circulating in the fluid. Sepsis means not only infection of the circulatory system by bacteria, but also their reproduction in this environment. Septicemia is such a septic form when pathological life forms move in the blood and produce their own kind, but no secondary infection area appears. Septicopyemia is a condition similar to septicemia, but complicated by the formation of metastases in the form of foci of suppuration. Their area of localization is a variety of internal systems and organs.
A generalized form of the disease can be characterized by toxemia. The term denotes a pathological condition accompanied by a circulation of bacterial endotoxins in the circulatory system. Toxinemia describes a pathology in which the circulatory system is infected with bacterial exotoxins, other toxic substances. This is usually fixed in botulism, tetanus. If the circulatory system is attacked suddenly, a large number of pathological life forms enter the bloodstream, the toxic substances associated with them, a shock condition is formed, called toxic septic or bacterial.
Osteoarthrosis: different types
A generalized form of osteoarthrosis is known to medicine. The term refers to joint disease, accompanied by inflammatory foci, deformation of the cartilage, the gradual destruction of tissues. Currently, pathology is one of the most common problems in the musculoskeletal system in people of advanced age. WHO ranks our country among countries where this disease in various forms occurs almost more often than in the rest of the world: the predominant percentage of people over 65 have any symptoms of pathology. Osteoarthritis is often localized in the joints of the limbs, and the most serious consequences provoke a disease that affects large joint areas. If three joints or more suffer at the same time, a generalized type is diagnosed. In the absence of adequate and timely treatment, the probability of obtaining the status of a disabled person due to irreversible harm to health is high.
Osteoarthrosis can be suggested by soreness, crunching, low mobility of the affected area. The pain is mechanical and initial, stable and nocturnal. Starting is formed when a person begins to move; about a third of the hour is saved. Mechanical worries in the evening, due to the deterioration of shock-absorbing articular qualities. Nighttime more often forms in the first half of the night and is explained by pressure inside the bones. Stable - a symbol of synovitis, spasmodic phenomena.
Sepsis
Sometimes doctors have to fight with a generalized form of purulent-septic diseases. Newborns suffer from these more often than adults, but a person of any age is in danger. Sepsis is a systemic process provoked by local infection and the formation of an inflammatory focus. The syndrome forms as a response to endotoxins. If the patient does not receive adequate treatment, bacteremia, insufficiency of various internal organs are formed.
In medicine, sepsis is a particularly serious condition due to the introduction of an infectious agent into the circulatory system and tissues. The cause may be pyogenic life forms, the results of the vital activity of these bacteria. Invasion leads to the formation of an inflammatory focus throughout the body.
Etiology of sepsis
A generalized form of purulent-septic diseases of newborns, adults is possible due to strepto-, staphylococcus. These pathogens are more common than any other. The prevalence of E. coli and pneumococcus is slightly less. In the predominant percentage of cases, the disease is formed against the background of inflammation or wounds, being a complication of the primary condition. Due to a serious illness, blood loss, surgical procedures, poor nutrition, the immune system weakens, and this creates conditions that increase the risk of a systemic inflammatory process. General infection is possible if the foci of suppuration appeared in the wound, if a local disease (boil, phlegmon) developed, which caused the complication.
A generalized form of the disease can be triggered by childbirth, termination of pregnancy. In this case, the bacterium penetrates through the mucous membranes covering the uterine cavity. There is a risk of purulent damage to the urinary or reproductive system. Foci of inflammation localized in the oral cavity can provoke a systemic process. E. coli, which lives in the human intestinal tract, provokes a generalized process during organ perforation.
Yersiniosis
The intestinal generalized form of yersiniosis is initiated by enterobacteria, whose name gave the name of the disease - yersinia. Within the group there are several strains that differ in danger to humans. The course is determined by the variety that provoked the disease. During the generalized process, the patient vomits severely, foci of rash appear on the skin, the areas itch, large joints bother with severe pain. The disease negatively affects the liver, as a result, urine darkens, the skin turns yellow, the shade of the sclera of the eye changes. Deterioration of heart performance manifests itself as soreness, frequent contractions of the organ, instability of pressure and pulse. Damage to the central nervous system is observed: the head is spinning and sore, the patient is sluggish and immersed in depression. Emptying the bladder is accompanied by pain, hepatitis, pyelonephritis, meningitis, sepsis are formed.
Meningitis
The generalized form of meningococcal disease belongs to the severe variant of the course of the disease. Meningococcemia is one of the most common types of course; it accounts for up to 43% of all variants of generalized development of meningitis. The disease begins acutely, soon there is a strong fever, accompanied by symptoms of poisoning of the body. Areas of skin lesion appear. Fever in some persists for a couple of days, in others there is a week and a half. The patient is lethargic, vomiting, headache, appetite worsens. Perhaps a violation of the speed, frequency, rhythm of the heartbeat. Among the symptoms of the disease are shortness of breath, skin hyperesthesia. If the disease is severe, the patient’s consciousness is confused, inhibited, or too nervous.
Generalized forms of meningitis manifest themselves as specific rashes. The rash is unevenly colored, appears at the same time. Some have visible papules, spots accompanied by hemorrhage. As they disappear, pigmented zones appear. More often the rash is localized on the side of the abdomen, in the lower region, on the shoulders and femoral, tibial surfaces. Rashes can cover the feet, buttocks. If the disease proceeds easily, papules, roseola, hemorrhagic small eruptions appear, their individual sections take the form of asterisks. Such soon pass - it takes no more than a couple of days.
Encephalitis
Sometimes this disease appears in a generalized form of neuroinfection. It is extremely difficult. In any case, infection requires observation in the clinic. At home, this is not treated. Usually the clinic of the case is quite specific, so there are no problems with diagnosis, but exceptional situations are possible. To prevent a mistake, first you need to clarify the anamnesis and assess the severity of the course. One of the problems of diagnosing neuroinfection is the inability to establish direct contact with those in need. Most of these people, even while maintaining self-care functions, cannot interact with doctors and describe the perceived symptoms. They are not able to answer questions, to navigate in time. Generalized neuroinfection is sometimes accompanied by insufficiently convincing ataxia.
Diseases: infection and course
With the introduction of salmonella, there is a danger of a generalized form of salmonella. This variant of the course of infection is recognized as the most severe. At first, the symptoms are similar to typhoid, then the patient's condition worsens with an unpredictable jump. The sufferer is greatly in fever, the scope for a day is great, he is shivering. Observation shows increased activity of sweat glands. Like some other variants of the generalized development of diseases, such a salmonella infection is difficult to treat. Against the background of taking antibiotics, there is a high probability of the appearance of secondary areas of damage, which makes the diagnosis more difficult. Suppuration usually affects the musculoskeletal system, provokes tonsillitis, meningitis.
There is a danger of a generalized form of anthrax. The disease is very difficult. This can be primary when the pathogen enters with food, air, and can form against the background of local infection. It is characterized by very severe general poisoning of the body, toxic infectious shock. Hemostasis is impaired, there is a lack of activity of the kidneys and respiratory organs, and brain tissue swells. If a local form was initially formed, which then turned into a systemic reaction, the patient's condition worsens in a matter of hours, the pulse quickens, turns into a filiform, the heat rises to 41 degrees, the pressure drops. . , , . .
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