The system of indicators of economic systems: analysis and reflection of economic processes

The processes that take place around us are changing the world. To evaluate them, a system of indicators of economic systems is used. What is she like? What is its specific use?

general information

The use of analysis tools and statistical methods is carried out in order to determine both individual phenomena in the economy and the entire sphere of economic life. The basis for the work are numbers. But it should be understood that the system of indicators of economic analysis considers figures not abstractly, but as indicators. In other words, generalized data are considered. Thanks to them, one can find a reflection of certain economic processes and phenomena. Moreover, they are not fragmented, but interconnected. And indicators that act as a characterizing framework also form a single system. They are necessary to explain a large number of economic issues. So, thanks to the system concept, unknown elements can be calculated using only part of the available information.

What is covered?

The system of indicators of economic analysis covers all levels of the economic life of society: macro (countries, regions) and micro (enterprises, firms, associations, families, households). Of the tasks that are of interest in the Russian Federation, we can recall about:

1. The relationship of the configuration of the device functioning of the economy.
2. Definition of primary goals.
3. Establishment of a system of indicators that are needed for analysis at the regional and federal levels.
4. Argumentation of modern approaches to the organization of statistical information.
5. Development of a set of methods based on the content side of research.

All this has the following features:

1. The applied methods are constantly being improved.
2. Fixed data are historical in nature. So, when the living conditions of the population change, there is an increase or a drop in indicators.

This allows us to judge the future by the current state of affairs and based on past development moments. And the system of socio-economic indicators allows us to display the most probable prospect for the population. It also allows ensuring the highest preparedness in solving problems, or even not allowing them to be at all.

Classification

The system of indicators of economic efficiency can use as a support a number of factors that can conditionally be combined into several groups. According to their coverage of individual units, among the aggregate:

1. Individual statistics. Used to characterize individual units.
2. Summary statistics. Calculated by summing the values ​​from paragraph No. 1.
3. Estimated statistics. They are sought using a variety of formulas and are aimed at solving various analytical questions.

The system of indicators of economic systems can also use the time factor as a basis:

1. Instantaneous values. They are fixed and set for a specific date.
2. Interval values. They are installed for a certain period of time.

The system of indicators of economic systems, depending on the wording, can be represented:

1. Absolute values. They are necessary for characterizing the unconditional quantities of economic processes and phenomena in order to reflect their changes.
2. Relative values. They show the level of achievement of equilibrium between different quantitative characteristics.
3. The average statistic. This is the name of the generalized characteristic of properties in a certain aggregate, under specific circumstances, place and time.

Who is collecting information?

The system of economic indicators of the enterprise requires that the most accurate and correct data be presented. The authorities of state statistics are engaged in this. Initially, primary data is collected. Then the accounting and statistical reporting is formed. Sample surveys may be conducted. In general, the data collected in the framework of accounting are brought in line with ongoing requests for economic statistics. There is an established system in which modern means of communication and computer technology are widely used.

Specificity

The main indicators of the economic system of interest are quantitative characteristics. Thanks to them, it is possible to carefully study phenomena and processes, creating criteria for the subsequent division of the data set into homogeneous groups. Thanks to this, we can talk about what is of greatest importance and specific gravity. So, in the Russian Federation in the total aggregate of exports, the group of raw materials has the greatest weight. Then come the semi-finished products. After them - finished products of low technological level. And the least, which is very sad, is high-tech goods and services. In a speech by the president at the end of 2016, it was announced that their value in quantitative terms was slightly less than $ 20 billion. Very good, if you do not take into account that the size of the market for high-tech goods and services is more than three and a half trillion! And the increase in the total share of exports is not so much due to growth, but due to a decrease in other components due to sanctions and the unfavorable economic situation.

Grouping

But we moved a little away from the main topic of the article. A single system of economic indicators allows you to organize data and make it easier to work with them. Thanks to this, it can be said that accounting and statistics have bilateral relations. This can be argued, if only because there are many mutually agreed and interrelated indicators that describe the basic processes. Based on this property, it is possible to work on the formation of subsystems.

Counting Features

The system of economic indicators of an enterprise, industry, region and country is based on statistical indicators. So at the same time they call both specific digital information and the definition of content (elements) that are included in it. The degree of accuracy and reliability depends on a number of reasons. This is the complexity of the studied phenomena, differences in characteristics, various individual processing requirements, and so on. It is also necessary to take certain measures that will help to avoid making mistakes of a systematic nature. Then the system of indicators of economic development will be able to provide accurate and necessary data that will help to achieve the goals. Although no one is safe from accidental errors. They are most often encountered when selective observation methods are used.

Put forward requirements

In order for the system of indicators of economic systems to work with maximum efficiency, it is necessary for it:

1. All-encompassing character. In other words, it should apply to all working moments of the economic process. That is, all business entities, operations performed by them and everything else should be taken into account.
2. If indicators relate to different areas of action, then they should be mutually agreed upon at the methodological level. That is, it is necessary to take care of the absence of contradictions in the definitions, classifications and concepts.

Any system of this type is a hierarchical structure. Let's look at a small example. There is a system of economic indicators of an organization - a limited liability company. It is the basis for data collection. As you go up, generalization takes place and a data pyramid is built. At the very top is such a macroeconomic indicator as the SNA. It consists of subsystems that are the result of de / composition (it depends on where you look). Moreover, a connection is established between the various blocks to improve the effectiveness of in-depth analysis.

Key indicator used

How can one describe the performance of an economy? In many countries, as well as in a number of international organizations, gross domestic product (GDP) is used for this purpose . It is used to compare the result, to calculate labor productivity and a number of other indicators, which allows us to judge the economic efficiency. GDP also allows you to judge the activity of residents in the territory of a particular country for a specific period. It also represents the gross value of goods and services that were created and rendered over a time range minus their value in terms of intermediate consumption.

Reflection of economic processes

This is possible thanks to certain indicators. But which one? Here are the most significant:

1. Primary income. These are funds received from indirect and direct participation in economic activity: profit, remuneration of labor, interest, rent, dividends and so on.
2. Property income. This includes funds that institutional units receive or pay for the use of assets such as land, patents, licenses.
3. Gross profit. This is part of the added value that remains with the manufacturer after the amount of expenses has been deducted, which is associated with the remuneration of employees, imports and net taxes.
4. Net profit. This is a macroeconomic indicator. It is the difference between the gross profit of the entire economic sphere and the consumption of fixed capital.

Narrow the scope

The previously considered indicators play a large role in the analysis due to generalization. Now let's talk about what we meet when we drill down:

1. Disposable income. These are the means available to the institutional unit, and that can be directed towards final consumption and savings.
2. Disposable national income. This is all that has been created and used domestically, as well as net transfers from abroad such as donations, gifts and humanitarian aid. This indicator is used to imagine how much the country's residents can use for their consumer spending or to hide it for a rainy day in the form of savings.
3. Gross national disposable income. It is equal to GDP, but you still need to add (or subtract) the net balance that arises between a particular country and the rest of the world. This indicator shows the quantitative size of income, savings, and consumption levels, which are necessary for the further development of the economy and the buildup of national wealth.
4. Saving. Well, how not to recall this important indicator, which is not taken into account when consuming services and goods. They are formed as the difference between existing income and expenses, provided that the first indicator is large in quantitative terms.

Conclusion

So, summing up all of the above, I want to once again note how important the system of indicators of economic systems is in terms of analysis and reflection of economic processes. It is necessary to ensure that the methods and approaches used are constantly improved along with the tools that are used. Then, as the result of the analysis improves, more effective decisions can be made. And this will improve the economic situation both throughout the country and in individual regions, regions and even enterprises! Everyone can benefit from this, which cannot but rejoice. The only thing that saddens is that it happens extremely slowly, and it is possible to compare the situation only for decades and centuries of time.