Medical property is a complex of special material assets. They are intended to provide assistance, treatment, diagnosis, prevention of pathologies and lesions, the implementation of anti-epidemic, as well as various sanitary and hygienic measures. This category also includes equipment for disaster services, units and formations. The article will further describe the characteristics and classification of medical property.
Main categories
There are various types of medical equipment. The main ones include:
- Medicines This group includes drugs, including antidotes, substances intended for the prevention of lesions from ionizing radiation.
- Immunobiological agents.
- Chemical reagents. These, among other things, include standard titres, as well as sets of clinical diagnostic type.
- Deratization, disinsection, disinfectants and repellents.
- Dressing.
- Medical equipment and accessories.
- Laboratory and pharmaceutical glassware and other accessories.
- Patient care items and other medical supplies.
- Accessories and materials for physiotherapy, dentistry.
- X-ray film and photographic materials. Auxiliary tools and stuff.
Providing medical equipment for disaster services
Today in Russia, more than 5500 names of drugs are registered and allowed to be used. In accordance with the classification adopted by the bodies governing pharmaceutical activity, they are divided into 90 pharmacological generalized groups. But the conditions for the activity of the departments of disaster services put forward requirements for nomenclature minimization and compliance with the circumstances of extreme situations. So, according to some participants in the liquidation of the Chernobyl accident and the earthquake in Armenia, with the massive influx of those affected in some cases, the medical staff, being confused, was mistaken in choosing this or that tool or material. In this case, the words of Academician Vishnevsky, in the past - the chief surgeon of the SA (Soviet Army) that the more effective the substances aimed at defeating the mass of people, the greater the flow of victims, the easier the means should be used in assisting, will be appropriate. In this regard, in spite of the existing variety, the provision of disaster services with medical property is carried out by selecting the most effective, resistant to the influence of external factors, easy to use and convenient to use in special conditions of extreme situations materials. The World Health Organization, in particular, has developed a special kit. The set of medical equipment intended to provide assistance to victims of emergencies per 1000 people for three months includes medicines of 12 items from 11 pharmacological groups. Support kit for 10 thousand people. for 3 months includes 55 medicines from 40 categories.
Features of equipment materials
A special list of medicines has been developed for the disaster service. It covers about 60 pharmacological groups. The most common means in finished forms, factory, as a rule, manufacturing, in an individual dosage, dressings, means for connecting tissue fragments and a number of other objects in a sterile form. Their nomenclature, in comparison with the clinics used in the daily activities, is significantly reduced without prejudice to the provision of assistance in full. The selected medical property includes modern facilities designed for long-term storage and use in extreme conditions. It contains drugs from the main pharmaceutical groups, both a wide spectrum and specific ones. For equipment, mobile or portable, portable equipment is selected. It is suitable for operation in a hospital and emergency situations.
Nomenclature
For its establishment, the norms for supplying medical property are used. It also establishes the amount necessary for use in certain conditions. In addition, a reserve of medical property is formed in case of extreme situations. These activities are carried out on the basis of the projected amount of assistance provided by the affected institutions and departments of the disaster services, their organizational and staff units, the structure and number of sanitary losses, such as injuries. The supply rate is a quantitative, scientifically based indicator of a unit of medical property. It is set to issue to the formation, unit, institution of the service to perform the prescribed amount of work for a certain time. Rationing of medical property is carried out by special centers on the basis of the calculated parameters established by the RF Ministry of Health. They provide for the amount and nomenclature of funds to eliminate the corresponding consequences of an emergency of a particular type. These include, in particular, earthquakes, mass-type infectious injuries, accidents at radiation or chemical hazardous enterprises, and others.
Report card
On the basis of this document, the medical equipment received at the disposal, as well as used to provide assistance, is recorded. It establishes the quantity and list of means and materials provided for equipping an institution or forming a service in accordance with the mission of the unit. Medicines are listed by pharmacological, technology - by merchandising groups, and other items - by types and other categories that determine the spectrum of their use. The medical property included in this document is referred to as time sheet.
List Composition
It is determined taking into account the needs of the institution or the formation according to its purpose on the basis of the need to provide assistance in the prescribed amount and form to the specific number of victims of the corresponding profile for a certain period. The composition, as funds are spent, is replenished depending on the actual need, at the end of work in emergency situations - to the amount indicated in the report card. Today, there are lists for equipping a multidisciplinary field hospital and 19 types of teams for the provision of specialized medical care. These include:
- Surgical
- Traumatological.
- Neurosurgical.
- Toxicological.
- Burn.
- Obstetric and gynecological.
- Children's surgical and others.
For each team, medical equipment is calculated to provide specialized assistance to a specific number of victims. In particular for:
- Toxic and therapeutic - 25 people.
- Infectious, transfusiological - 50.
- Laboratory diagnostic, psychiatric - 100.
- Other profiles - 10 people.
The medical equipment of the hospital, in accordance with the report card, is designed to provide qualified care (with specialized elements) in the amount of throughput of 200-250 people. per day. The stock of funds is intended for replenishing the consumed material with brigades, a hospital and for providing assistance to victims at catastrophe service centers. The necessary emergency reserve is stored in accordance with the rules defined by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.
Classification of medical property
There are various ways of separating media and materials. In particular, there are categories according to their purpose, physicochemical, pharmacological and other signs and properties. In Russia, the "General Classifier" is widespread, in many industry sections of which there were medical supplies and materials. This, in turn, significantly complicates the use of the document. In practical health care, there are three main classes of medical property. These include:
- Medications.
- Medical equipment.
- Items and materials for patient care.
The first class is divided into the following categories of funds by:
- Dangerous physico-chemical and pharmacological properties.
- Toxicity.
- State of aggregation.
- Sensitivity to the influence of external factors.
- Method of use.
- Release form.
Items for patient care, in turn, are divided into categories according to the material from which they are made, purpose and so on. Medical equipment is classified by design features, functional purpose (devices, instruments, tools, equipment). The means and materials used by the disaster service are divided into two groups according to their intended purpose: stocks and current equipment. Each of them includes both technology and drugs. The second group includes items used in the daily activities of a medical-preventive and research nature, as well as for educational purposes. The first group includes tools and materials for use in emergency situations.
Stocks
They are divided into minimum and reserve assets. The second category includes tools and materials for equipping disaster service formations and institutions, applied in accordance with the decisions of the heads of centers or public health authorities. The minimum reserve includes property for supplying the redeveloped and redevelopable beds of units of the medical-prophylactic profile and the formations formed by them. It is intended for use in emergency situations in war and peacetime.
Stock holding
The protection of medical property is carried out by creating the necessary conditions for its safety, serviceability and making it ready for use on time. Funds and materials of irreducible stock are kept in warehouses of specialized institutions that have the tasks of MSGO. The property of the reserve is stored in the respective warehouses of the centers of disaster services. To maintain the proper condition of funds and materials, certain measures are being taken. In particular, an inventory of medical property is regularly conducted. To prevent damage before the expiration date, items are replaced with new ones. At the same time, medical records taken from warehouses are recorded. Stocks are sold for future use until the expiration date. At the same time, medical assets are written off from warehouses. Instead, funds and materials with a long storage period come. In order to facilitate the sale of property seized from warehouses, in accordance with the Government Decree, the size of the reduction in selling free prices is established. The expenditure of reserves is allowed solely to provide the necessary assistance to the victims of emergencies. After that, the volume of property is subject to full restoration.
Sets of tools and materials
Kits form a separate group of medical equipment. They are packed in special containers. The composition of the sets is regulated by quantity. The kits are intended to equip the formations and functional units of the disaster service. The composition may include equipment, medicines and other materials and objects of different groups. Surgical instruments for equipping disaster service units and institutions are presented in the form of special kits. They include items that have a single functional purpose for a specific type of work and are placed in the prescribed manner in one container (package). There are sets of specialized and general surgical instruments:
- Operating.
- Dressing.
- Traumatological.
- Dental and others.
Formation of sets
In the process of acquisition, specialists adhere to certain principles. In particular:
- Placing items in containers is carried out taking into account the convenience of deployment and subsequent work.
- The distribution of property is carried out in one or several stacks in accordance with the weight and overall dimensions.
- Medicines are combined by type of form.
- List "A" medicines, psychotropic and narcotic drugs are separated from other items and placed in one box.
- Items are distributed in containers in accordance with physico-chemical properties (flammable, volatile, odorous, flammable and others) and mutual compatibility.
Depending on the conditions of use, the items are packaged in disposable containers (cardboard box, plywood box, bag, etc.) or reusable (wooden boxes, cases, bags, etc.). The packaging must meet the established requirements of portability and durability, tightly closed.
Kits Benefits
The supply of medical equipment in the form of sets has several advantages in comparison with the supply of individual units. Thanks to the creation of kits, the implementation of the basic requirements that are presented to the list of means and materials in the formations of the disaster service is carried out. In particular, efficiency is achieved when transporting medical equipment to the centers of sanitary mass losses, a high speed of coagulation and deployment of functional units, and the accuracy of the evacuation stages are ensured. Convenience is also important in the direct implementation of work to provide the necessary assistance to victims of emergencies. Due to the content of surgical objects in the form of sets for the implementation of specific operational activities, the preparation and subsequent implementation of neurosurgical, gynecological, urological and other interventions is accelerated and greatly facilitated. Along with this, the task of compiling applications for the supply of medical property is greatly simplified. Kits are convenient in transportation, storage in the field. The contents of the packages are to some extent provided with protection against the negative influence of environmental factors (precipitation, dust, solar radiation, etc.), damaging elements of emergency situations, and mechanical damage. In order to increase the safety of means and equipment during transportation, sets inside the container provide sliding sections and inserts, partitions and gaskets made of shock-absorbing materials that divide the internal space into cells, sockets, compartments, etc.
additional information
As part of the kits, medicines are used that have only a large reserve of the general shelf life. Components and items of equipment, including surgical instruments, immediately before the investment are checked for serviceability and the availability of all necessary parts. During long-term storage, they are protected from corrosion. Replenishment of the spent stocks of funds and materials from sets is carried out by the piece in the course of its receipt from warehouses and pharmacies. Exceptions are sets of dressings and tires, sanitary bags. Their completion is carried out in its entirety.
Equipping Army Units
At all times, the medical service of the Russian troops was entrusted with conducting sanitary-hygienic, medical evacuation, anti-epidemic measures, as well as taking measures to protect against weapons of mass destruction. The fulfillment of these tasks is possible if fully equipped with the necessary tools and materials. During the period of warfare, the expenditure of property is carried out in rather large volumes. So, for example, during the Belarussian operation of 1944, institutions spent about two million bandages and 39 tons of absorbent cotton. During the Oryol-Kursk military operations 100 wagons of property were used. Over the course of the war years, more than 31 thousand wagons were sent from the central warehouse to the front. Thanks to this, military doctors managed to put into operation more than 90% of patients and about 72% of the wounded. In modern conditions of warfare, the expense and need for medical equipment due to the large mass losses is significantly increasing.