Fish is an essential component of the human diet. This product is rich not only in proteins, but also in fats, as well as various minerals and vitamins that are beneficial for the body. The fishing industry in our time, despite the difficulties, continues to develop. Both small and medium-sized or large-scale enterprises are working in this area today.
Where in Russia they catch and process fish
There are eight major regions of similar specialization in our country :
- West.
- Azov-Black Sea.
- In Lzhsko- Caspian.
- Northern.
- Baikal.
- Far Eastern.
- West Siberian.
- East Siberian.
Most of the aquatic biological resources in Russia are extracted in the Far East. The enterprises of this particular region are considered the basis of the country 's fishing industry. The Far East accounts for about 60% of all products of this variety supplied to the market. The enterprises of the Western basin are ahead of this region mainly in the production of canned food. They account for about 57% of such products. The enterprises of the Northern Basin are leaders in the production of fodder fish and bone meal, which are supplied to fur farms.
Fisheries: statistics
In 2016, 4.7 million tons of various kinds of aquatic biological resources were produced in Russia. This figure is 248 thousand tons higher than the previous year. At the same time, catch in the Far East increased by 8%, amounting to 3.5 million tons. In the Northern Basin, this indicator grew by 1.4%. 567 thousand tons of aquatic biological resources were caught in this region. In the Azov-Black Sea and Western basins, the growth of indicators amounted to 5.6%. The enterprises of the region processed and delivered to the market 103 thousand tons of bioresources. In the Western Basin, catch increased by 12%, while in the Volga-Caspian, unfortunately, decreased by 2.4%. In these regions, 34 and 68 thousand tons of biological resources were caught per year.
Main tasks
For economic purposes, this sector of the national economy belongs to group “B” (commodities). However, part of the Russian fishing industry enterprises is included in group A (capital goods). In any case, the main tasks of the industry are:
- catch and processing of fish;
- catch intensity regulation;
- reproduction of aquatic biological resources;
- commercial fish farming;
- protection of aquatic biological resources.
Which enterprises are included
The fishing industry in general is crucial in ensuring the socio-economic development of Russia. This area of business in our country, like in any other, is a complex interconnected production complex. Enter the scope of the fishing industry, for example:
- fishing fleet;
- port and repair bases;
- enterprises specializing in fish farming;
- fish processing enterprises;
- chain knitting plants;
- storage facilities;
- Research Institute of Fisheries, etc.
Companies producing fishing vessels are not included in this industry. Such enterprises are part of the country's shipbuilding complex.
Fleet: problems and solutions
Of course, most of all fish supplied to the domestic market is caught in the seas, oceans, lakes, ponds and rivers. Only a small fraction of such products are grown artificially in water bodies. According to statistics, the actual fishing in Russia at the moment is carried out mainly by small and small vessels. This is to a large extent a problem of modern domestic fishery industry. After all, such vessels cannot fish in remote oceanic zones. This problem arose, unfortunately, a very long time ago - even during the collapse of the USSR. The fact is that for the most part the production capacities of large vessels then remained abroad. In the USSR, such enterprises were built mainly in Ukraine and Lithuania.
However, the problems of the fishing fleet in terms of equipping large vessels in Russia are likely to be solved in the near future. Already now the country has fully implemented the project " Development of civil marine equipment" (2009-2016). By 2017, 13 shipyards are operating in Russia. And many of them are quite capable of building large ships.
They are engaged in the development of projects of such watercraft, including some Russian research institutes. The basis for the replenishment of the fishing fleet in Russia in the near future can serve as developed by their specialists:
- Large freezer trawler 11480.
- Medium trawler-seiner 13728.
Also, domestic scientists recently presented several projects of new modern small fishing vessels.
Processing enterprises
Production capacities of this sphere of the national economy are available in all regions of Russia. The only thing - in areas directly adjacent to the seas, oceans and large rivers, there are, of course, more of them. Fish processing enterprises can produce canned goods, semi-finished products from fish, drying, smoking aquatic biological resources, their preliminary processing and freezing, etc.
Enterprises of this specialization can be located not only on land. Often processing is carried out directly on fishing vessels. For example, in Russia there is a whole floating base of this specialization - Vsevolod Sibirtsev. It represents a huge fishery complex on the water. Of course, this manufacturer supplies the market with the freshest and most delicious canned food. In terms of overall dimensions, this floating fish factory is comparable to a 12-story building. The owner of the Vsevolod Sibirtsev base is currently the Yuzhmorrybflot company.
Until recently, the country's fish processing industry experienced significant difficulties. Most of the extracted aquatic biological resources were supplied to foreign enterprises. However, in the last 5-7 years, the situation in this regard in Russia has begun to stabilize. Today, the main goal of the fish processing industry is to expand production in order to replace imported products in the domestic market.
The largest enterprises
Currently, there are about 700 medium, small and large fish processing plants in Russia. And this, of course, is far from the limit. Presumably, by 2023 several more large plants of similar specialization will appear in the country. This was stated by the representative of the Federal Agency for Fishery at the 6th conference of the 10th WorldFood 2016 Forum.
Today, for example, such large fish processing plants and companies operate in the country, such as:
- "Rybprom" (Rostov region).
- "TD Altairiba +" (Altai).
- "Kerchrybholod" (Crimea).
- Russian Fish World (Moscow).
- Sakhalin Fish Company.
- Krasnoselsky Combine, etc.
Fish farming enterprises
Industrial fish farming, like the fleet, is developing in Russia in our time and is actually a promising industry. The share of companies of this specialization in the country accounts for a rather significant part of all sold bioresources. The enterprises of this specialization are mainly engaged in the cultivation of whitefish and cyprinids. Like most other enterprises in the industry, fish farms, although experiencing some difficulties, are still developing quite intensively. This was stimulated by, among other things, the sanctions imposed by the EU against Russia.
As part of the implementation of the import substitution program, the state began to support enterprises specializing in fish farming much more actively. For example, Russia abolished customs duties on certain types of equipment, feed, planting material, etc. Also, the country secured priority rights to use fish hatches for those enterprises that comply with state conditions and norms. In addition, at present, companies of this specialization are often provided with various kinds of subsidies and taxes are reduced or eliminated altogether.
Fishing law
Of course, fishing in our country is carried out taking into account the need for timely replenishment of its stocks and environmental protection. The Law on Fisheries and the Conservation of Aquatic Biological Resources regulates all these issues. This document was adopted on November 26, 2004. The most recent changes to it were made in 2016.
According to this law, for example, fishing in the waters of Russia cannot be carried out by legal entities controlled by foreign investors. Actually, the fishing itself in our country, according to this document, is classified as industrial, amateur, coastal, etc.
Of course, in Russia, not only legal entities, but also individuals, must comply with the law “ On fishing and the conservation of aquatic biological resources” when fishing. For violation of the provisions of this document, both administrative and criminal penalties are provided.
Actually, fishing for personal consumption in the country's water bodies, according to the law, can be done by any person absolutely free. The only thing, the extraction of biological resources in this case should be carried out by authorized means. It is forbidden to use nets, for example, for catching in ponds, rivers and lakes in the country. The law divides the rules and regulations for ordinary fishermen and members of their respective societies. The latter are granted more rights. The permitted catch of fish per diem for personal consumption, for example, for an ordinary fisherman is 3 kg, for a member of society - 5 kg.