At the very beginning of a conversation that can at least slightly affect the features of the development of the modern world, you need to determine the terminology. There are two essentially different methods of capitalist production: central capitalism (orthocapitalism, genuine from Greek, direct) and peripheral capitalism (about capitalism, from Greek - about). Socio-economic formations differ accordingly: orthocapitalist and paracapitalist.
World historical space
The division of world historical space took shape by the beginning of the twentieth century. The borders basically coincided with the division of the international capitalist system into two opposing historical worlds: one of them is the western world orthocapitalist system, the other - the countries of the periphery where paracapitalism arose.
Following the development vector of today's modern world, Russia entered the dependent system of the periphery at the end of the nineteenth century along with many other countries in which paracapitalism was formed.
Distinctive features of the modern world are the processes of replacing internationalization with globalization. The creation of a global system of historical organisms in society is internationalization. And globalization creates a single sociohistorical organism. The scale of this process is completely the whole of humanity.
The sociohistorical organism, the birth of which we are currently observing, is a class one, since it exists in a split. The orthocapital center that exploits the periphery is Western countries. Exploited peripherals are the rest of the world. Features of the development of the modern world entirely and completely depend on the characteristics of the processes of this split. It is the global class war that we are observing at the present time.
Independence at stake
The instrument of the ruling class is the global state apparatus, the formation and dictates of which are inevitable. The dominance of the western center and the deprivation of the real political and economic independence of all sociohistorical organisms on the periphery are features of the modern world.
Globalization also implies that if Western countries lose the opportunity to exploit the rest of the world, they will certainly destroy capitalism as well. They will have no other choice. If both forms of capitalism - both central and peripheral - perish, it will be time to build a society of a fundamentally different type.
Perhaps it will be a society without private ownership and exploitation of people by each other. Perhaps it will be one - without dividing into the center and periphery. Such a turn of events can be foreseen by analyzing the development processes and features of the modern world.
Globalization: General Trends
The system of international relations is characterized by profound changes at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. Globalization is progressing as a complex of geo-economic, geopolitical and geo-humanitarian phenomena with a powerful influence on the vital activity of the countries that are involved in this process. Changes occur in all spheres of public life: in the social sphere, economy, ideology, politics, culture, ecology and in the way of life itself.
The points of view on what is happening and sharply progressing globalization are ambiguous, even diametrically opposed. Some see a serious threat to the global economic system, others anticipate the progress of the economy and the general flourishing of mankind, and globalization is called a means to this end.
Globalization transforms the space and time of human coexistence. Space is shrinking, time is shrinking, borders, both geographic and interstate, are becoming transparent. An individual person feels on himself what is happening far from his location, even on the other hemisphere of the planet.
More about the term and the history of the concept
The American economist Theodore Levitt in 1983 first used the term "globalization" to describe the merging of markets for products manufactured by transnational corporations. Also, the appearance of this term is attributed to the American sociologist Richard Robinson.
However, modern world science has not yet developed a universally recognized single definition of the phenomenon of globalization. The formulations are either purely descriptive or mutually exclusive.
The development of the global market makes economic nationalism meaningless. So far, it has not been precisely revealed what globalization is and what are the features of the modern world in changes as it progresses: development objectiveness or spontaneous spontaneity, or maybe organization, purposefulness and bringing all countries to a certain standard.
Internationalization of the economy
First of all, globalization is the highest degree of interdependence of all business entities. The second is productivity growth and higher competitiveness due to the growth of information volume and the quality of knowledge, as well as the development of technology.
That is, along with the process of merging all national economies into a global system, the process of globalization is the formation of humanity as an integrated structure. A third interpretation of the term is a way of updating the world order.
In any case, the political, economic, social, cultural spheres of different countries tend to merge, since the interdependence of states is growing, and the global social organism is gradually becoming one. These are the features of the modern world - social science, studying globalization, uses a whole range of disciplines, closely connecting them with each other.
Globalization and localization
The scale of globalization is relative, they occur both within individual civilizations and between different civilizations, this process covers the whole world, gradually spreading influence over ever new territories and ever-growing masses of people. Political features of the modern world are globalization processes. Grade 10 in each school studies politics as a social phenomenon. And now all of it works for globalization.
But each action has a reaction, therefore, along with globalization, there are other features of the modern world. Social science, summarizing the observations of sociology, political science and philosophy, suggests that by observing the process of globalization, one can clearly see the manifestations of localization in the form of consolidations based on the ideologies of both ethnic and civilizational entities. Thus, there are cases of cultural isolation of individual subjects of the global organism.
Holistic world development system
Globalization, of course, is a global process. The increasing interdependence of the economies of individual countries, the ever-growing exchange of services, goods, technologies, finances, the joint solution of problems - food, environmental, migration, demographic - all these are features of the modern picture of the world.
However, globalization cannot be limited to simply enhancing the interdependence of the economic interests of individual countries. It unites all areas of society, gradually transforms the world space into a single zone - military-political, financial-informational, social-cultural. Information, goods, ideas, technologies, investments are easily moved here.
Communication features in the modern world are characterized by an increasing accessibility of connections and direct the development of the world community to a system of absolute integrity. Globalization is an objective process, prepared by all stages of development of the world economy. However, it is influenced by all sorts of subjective factors.
Key signs of globalization
World economic, political, cultural integration and unification - these are the features of the modern world. The table will show the main signs of globalization.
Global change| Key signs of globalization | Expected Result |
- Production takes an international form (the so-called transnationalization); technology and finished products easily flow within the boundaries of the economies of the world.
- The economies of different states are oriented towards uniform standards.
- Supranational management structures in information systems, etc.
- Mutual penetration of various capitals between different countries.
- Institutional barriers to exchange between economies of different countries are being eliminated.
| - National economic entities go beyond the state in their activities.
- Their economic problems also go global.
- To stabilize the world economic system, the economies of individual states are coordinated by the world government.
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There are many ways to perceive and evaluate the processes of globalization. As a rule, they are welcomed in developed countries, and the developing world is seriously worried. Indeed, no one will abolish national states, and they themselves will not die out, and the idea of global capitalism is simply not feasible. Countries with weak economies will simply limit their opportunities even more, because now they are already included in the global economic process, subject to full compliance with the requirements of multinational companies. Again, these are the features of the modern world. Briefly summarizing, we show by example what happens as a result.
For example, Greece is not allowed to export the famous olive oil to the European Union; moreover, it is forced to buy Dutch tomatoes, peppers and onions. Because Dutch vegetables are cheaper, albeit worse, and allowed to export. What is it like for the people of sunny Greece to put up with buying vegetables from a northern country? But the main thing is that the Greek economy does not win absolutely nothing in this alliance.
Global problems
Global problems are diverse, but have a common specificity with a number of common features.
- Problems of a global nature, that is, those related to the interests and destinies of all mankind.
- The threat of human civilization.
- Problems requiring urgent resolution.
- Problems interconnected.
- Problems requiring joint action by the world community.
For example, the problems of poverty, backwardness, disarmament, the prevention of nuclear war, food, energy and raw materials, natural resources, environmental, demographic, human development are the features of the modern world. Social science briefly formulates universal human problems, combining them in three groups.
- Intersocial problems: arms race, backwardness of individual countries, security and so on.
- Socio-demographic problems: poverty, population growth, disease, food and so on.
- Socio-ecological problems: raw materials, space exploration, environmental pollution and so on.
Humanity does not yet have absolutely reliable means to prevent global catastrophes. And the threat is constantly increasing due to the actions of various social mechanisms and structures of society. For example, international terrorism clearly requires the struggle against it of the entire world community. Communication features in the modern world already allow you to productively act in this direction.
Problem of choice
Many believe that globalization will help rich countries win and the poor will finally be ruined. Maybe so. The fate of all mankind now depends on the not-yet-found non-globalist planetary project. Globalization can be resisted by creating local interstate and interethnic entities.
Perhaps they will be created by today's world leaders, such as China, India, Latin America and, of course, Russia. They are faced with the task of creating a common planetary integrity, and this integrity must be formed so that the national characteristic and the uniqueness of the traditions of each people are preserved. This challenge is for high spirits!
Global disasters arise most often due to a lack of analysis of the genetic and historical roots of each nation, individual economic systems, like the entire global economic space, require a more thorough study of their ontological structure.
Each country carries its own national genetic code, which must be used in planning global strategies for joint survival. Of course, this strategy, based on the economic structure, the basis of the national building material, should ensure a constant upward movement of the economy.
The development of the economy of each state is influenced by globalization, economic growth becomes universal in nature, since its components are not only economic and technological, but also spiritual and cultural. Communication features in the modern world allow interpenetration of any plan.
However, the entire global economy is unlikely to become universal. Therefore, the opposite action should be taken - to adapt universal globalization and economic institutions of different states. Traditions cannot impede the establishment of globalization, they will only help to avoid inciting global conflicts on a national basis.
One can observe how the Chinese economy is developing successfully, although they managed to preserve all the traditional institutions. The idea of a new imperialism turned out to be quite viable, being, moreover, a very real saving alternative to all Western globalism and orientation toward a unipolar world.
About Russia is a special word. Globalization processes affect her, and she only has to make a historical choice. It is of particular importance because it is then that the further fate of the Russian state and the peoples living in its territories will be decided, and to a huge extent - the whole future of the planet.