At medical institutes, students study in lectures which blood types are incompatible. This knowledge is vital during plasma transfusion and during pregnancy. Incompatibility can lead to death of the patient or the development of pathologies in a newborn baby.
How is blood type determined?
To know the blood group is necessary in the following situations:
- when planning a pregnancy;
- during transfusion;
- in preparation for the operation.
The indicator should be determined in medical institutions. In the clinic at the place of residence, you can do the analysis for free. This requires a referral from a therapist. Results are prepared within 2-3 days. Private clinics conduct blood sampling for a fee, but waiting times are usually shorter.
For analysis, 2 servings of blood from a vein are required. The algorithm for determining the group is the same for an adult and a newborn. Today, the AB0 method is used. A and B are special lipids called agglutinogens. One lipid is added to each portion of the assay. The detection of antibodies determines the patient's blood group.
A blood group table that allows you to decipher the values:
| Lipids | not | A | IN | AB |
| Group | 1 (0) | 2 (A) | 3 (B) | 4 (AB) |
The Rh factor is determined after agitation of the blood in a centrifuge. The presence of white flakes indicates Rh +, otherwise - Rh-.
Blood group compatibility
When transfusion, it is important to know which blood types are incompatible. There is no universal type. But in some cases, it is permissible for a person to transfuse blood of another group. There are compatibility features of human blood:
- The first is suitable for everyone else, and a person with a fourth can take all other types of blood.
- The first, despite its versatility, is incompatible with others. This means that it can be used for transfusion to people with other types, but other types of transfusion to a person with 1 group is unacceptable.
- The first is the most common on the planet.
- The second is used for people with the second and fourth blood types, but they can only take their own and the first.
- The third is transferred to the patient with the third and fourth group.
- For a person with the fourth group, any blood is suitable as a donor.
- The fourth is the rarest group.
Transfusion Rules
Transfusion of plasma from person to person was widespread in the XX century due to the development of medicine. Now they learned to conserve plasma in order to ensure its long-term storage. Freshly frozen plasma is injected into the patient's body. Transfusion is associated with certain risks to the patient's life. To minimize the risk of side effects, the rules of the procedure should be followed:
- the procedure takes place in sterile conditions;
- it is necessary to make sure in the patient group in order to exclude incompatibility by blood group;
- identification of the Rhesus factor is required;
- material should be examined for diseases transmitted from person to person;
- the introduction of blood into the body at a time should not exceed 500 ml.
- plasma should be stored and transported in compliance with storage conditions;
- it is necessary to conduct a test for individual compatibility ;
- for newborns, transfusion is carried out taking into account the individual dosage.
Blood transfusion compatibility
A blood group table that determines transfusion compatibility is listed below. But not everything is so simple. During blood transfusion, the Rh factor should be considered.
| Group | May take | Can give |
| 1 | 1 | 1,2,3,4 |
| 2 | 12 | 2,4 |
| 3 | 13 | 3.4 |
| 4 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 1 |
The first group does not have antigens A and B on red blood cells, but they are present in the blood plasma. For this reason, carriers of the first group do not accept another plasma. A patient with a positive Rh factor can be transfused with any Rh factor.
The compatibility of the first blood group with other groups is not entirely true. Doctors prefer the one that the patient has. If there is no choice, and you want to enter 1 group, then they prefer negative or solid. Serum is not used, because it provokes the adhesion of red blood cells in patients with other types.
A patient with a second blood group and a positive Rh factor is subjected to blood transfusion, regardless of the rhesus of the donor plasma. If the patient has a negative indicator, then enter a plasma with a negative Rhesus.
A person with a third negative is given negative blood for transfusion. Moreover, patients themselves can become donors for groups 3 and 4, regardless of the Rh factor.
The fourth positive blood group is suitable for the recipient with the same blood, and the negative can be entered regardless of the Rhesus.
Individual incompatibility
Blood transfusion carries a risk to the patient. The doctor should know which blood types are incompatible for transfusion, and administer the correct type of plasma to the patient. There is the concept of individual incompatibility, in which a correctly selected blood group is not accepted by the patient. To eliminate this situation, an individual compatibility test should be performed before transfusion. To do this, use 2 methods:
- 5 ml are taken from the patient’s blood and run into a centrifuge, where a drop of donor liquid is dripped. Observe the reaction for 5 minutes. If extra antibodies are not formed, then blood can be used.
- A small amount of donated blood is injected directly into the vein of the recipient. The first time several milliliters are introduced, after 3 minutes the procedure is repeated. If at some stage a negative reaction appears, then another donor is sought for transfusion. With a positive test, the patient is injected with the required amount of blood.
Conception Compatibility
When planning pregnancy, you should consider which blood types are incompatible for conception. This indicator does not affect the likelihood of conception, but can become a stumbling block during gestation.
Mother father | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| 1 | + | - | - | - |
| 2 | + | + | - | - |
| 3 | + | - | + | - |
| 4 | + | + | + | + |
Rhesus factor affects the health of the child, the course of pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage. These problems are explained by the fact that if the mother has a negative, and the child has a positive Rh factor, the body produces substances that destroy the fetal proteins. In the future, this leads to gluing and complete destruction of red blood cells. This feature is called the Rh conflict of the mother and the fetus, while it does not matter which blood groups are incompatible for pregnancy.
During the first pregnancy, this process occurs slowly and often does not affect the fetus. But bearing a second child with a conflict can result in the development of a hemolytic disease of the newborn, miscarriage or premature birth. After the first pregnancy, mothers with a negative blood group are given anti-Rhesus globulin to break down the immunological chain and stop the production of anti-Rhesus bodies.
Modern medicine successfully copes with the Rhesus conflict of the mother and fetus with medications. A woman has to visit a gynecologist more often and in some cases spend time in a hospital.
Blood type inheritance
This indicator is inherited from the father and mother. What blood types are incompatible for having children? If conception has occurred, then the chances of having a baby are great. Groups are transmitted according to the table below.
| Mother father | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| 1 | 1-100% | 1-50% 2-50% | 1-50% 3-50% | 2-50% 3-50% |
| 2 | 1-50% 2-50% | 1-50% 2-50% | any | 2-50% 3-25% 4-25% |
| 3 | 1-50% 3-50% | any | 3-75% 1-25% | 2-25% 3-50% 4-25% |
| 4 | 2-50% 3-50% | 2-50% 3-25% 4-25% | 2-25% 3-50% 4-25% | 2-25% 3-25% 4-50% |
Based on the data, it can be argued that representatives of the 1st blood group cannot have a child with the 4th group. If both parents have 4 groups, then the probability of the birth of an infant with 1 blood group is excluded.
Among these rules there are exceptions. In 1 out of 10 million people, a blood group that is not listed in the table is inherited. Red blood cells include non-manifesting antigens. This situation is extremely rare and is called the "bombing phenomenon." Antigens are formed in the early stages, during the formation of the circulatory system.
Rhesus factor
The presence of another antigen is characterized by a Rhesus factor. Knowing which blood types are incompatible, a combination of Rh factors should be considered. Most of the population is positive. Only 15% of people have a negative Rh factor. Their cells do not contain antigen. The Rh factor is inherited regardless of the blood type of the father and mother.
If the parents have a Rh negative, then during pregnancy, the conflict is excluded. In this case, the blood of the child will also be negative. In other situations, it is not possible to predict the rhesus of the child.
Conflict pregnancy occurs infrequently due to the small percentage of women with a negative blood group.
The consequences of the Rhesus conflict
Miscarriage is the main problem in the Rh conflict of the fetus and mother. In severe pregnancy, the risk of developing a hemolytic disease in the child remains. In the child's body, fluid accumulates, which is formed as a result of the breakdown of red blood cells. Symptoms of this disease are:
- anemia - due to a malfunction in the formation of red blood cells;
- enlarged liver and spleen;
- newborn jaundice;
- lack of appetite, poor weight gain, lethargy, pallor of the skin;
- oxygen starvation.
A high concentration of bilirubin leads to intoxication of the body, damage to the brain and nervous system.