Education is a process of mastering the achieved results of the development of society. In the process of socialization, a person is introduced to the standards of behavior, values, and the totality of knowledge that society has produced over a long period of development.
Learning activities as an element of the education system
Education is carried out in stages, depending on the purpose, age, learning objectives. Preschool, for children aged 6-7 years, gives initial ideas about the world. Classes are carried out in the game, visual forms that are most accessible to perception at this age.
The right to compulsory general education is enshrined in the Constitutional norm, which emphasizes its importance in the process of socialization - adaptation of the individual to the system of public relations. This is an important stage of training, therefore it is necessary to understand what the goal of the student’s activity is and under what conditions it is achieved.
Educational activity
Teaching is the mental process of the specific activity of human society, which is governed by a conscious goal. The teaching takes place only when the activity is controlled and regulated by certain educational tasks to achieve the goal.
For the successful implementation of the learning process, a set of volitional and cognitive qualities is required. Their combination (memory, imagination, psychological readiness) is determined depending on what the goal of the student’s activity is, and can differ significantly at different stages of the educational activity.
Educational activity differs from other forms by the predominance of the gnostic aspect in it. Its purpose is the knowledge of the world.
This is a directed expedient process, as a result of which a person acquires a new level of knowledge, enters a new quality of life.
Learning process and goals
The learning process makes sense if it is directional, with a certain motion vector and coordinate system, allowing you to assess the degree of correspondence of the course to this vector. A set of tools, methods, forms, teaching methods, types of student activity depends on the goal. In turn, the totality of forms and methods affects the quality, effectiveness and speed of achieving the goal.
Currently, approaches to learning are called personality-oriented. What does it mean? The student is considered in this approach not as an object of educational activity, for which they decide where and how he moves in cognition. The student himself determines the goals of his development. It is clear that a child, a teenager in this process can not always formulate the purpose of training, evaluate their capabilities and choose development methods. All this remains in the competence of teachers. However, the task of a wise teacher is to help the student in his self-determination. What is the purpose of the student? In the process of learning, to achieve the level of competence that is possible within the framework of his personal psychological and social characteristics and maximally reveals his personality.
Learning objectives
To achieve the goal of the activity in the learning process, a set of tasks is solved that are those process markers that at the same time do not allow one to go astray and act as learning success criteria. Learning activities of a student are determined by the following tasks:
- Knowledge. Expanding the amount of information on the subject of the exercise.
- Skills The formation of the ability to put the acquired knowledge into practice.
- Skills Achievement of a certain level of practical result with the systematic use of acquired skills.
The objectives and purpose of the exercise determine the types, forms and methods of educational activities. Their effectiveness and choice depends on the socio-psychological characteristics of the student.
Conditions for successful learning
The results of the cognition process depend on who the student is. The characteristics of the student’s activities should take into account his gender, age, personal characteristics, level of intelligence, especially the upbringing. There are objective and subjective characteristics that are important to consider when choosing certain forms of student learning.
Objective parameters include: age and gender characteristics, personality types. Subjective factors will be the characteristics of education, personal abilities and inclinations of the child.
The educational activity of the student must be built on an account of both objective data, age differences, and taking into account purely individual characteristics. If this is an extrovert child, a hyperdynamic boy of 5 years of age, then it is hardly possible to form the skill to sew clothes for dolls, however, there are always exceptions.
Types and forms of educational activity
Forms and types of activities can be combined, diversified and modified according to the characteristics of the teaching. There are a large number of options with which you can achieve excellent learning outcomes (provided that they are selected correctly):
- Lessons in the form of discussions.
- Theatrical lessons.
- Trivia Games
- Creative workshops.
- Role-playing educational games.
- Project Protection.
Forms can also be group, individual, teamwork, independent activity, self-control, etc.
All of them form a field of opportunity for the manifestation of talents and characteristics of students. The characteristic of the student’s main activities should reveal the motives of his actions, identify needs and set tasks adequate to the process.
Characteristics of educational activities
Known in the field of educational psychology, the scientist A. N. Leontyev identified the following main characteristics, which are currently exhaustive for the analysis of the educational activities of students. What will determine the characteristics of the student?
First of all, this is the need of the student in the learning process, an important educational task, which is solved at a certain stage in the learning process. The effectiveness of the process depends directly on the motives of the student's educational activities and the corresponding operations, actions and techniques.
- Training task. The peculiarity of this moment is that when it is correctly posed, the student does not just find the answer to the question, he acquires a universal algorithm of actions in an unlimited number of options with similar parameters.
- Need. The desire to master the subject area in which the educational activity of students takes place in order to achieve the educational goal.
- Motives. The personal needs of the student, which are solved as a result of the development of certain knowledge, achieving the goal.
Education and development
Standards of modern education are aimed at a harmonious combination of education and development of children. But the real solution to this crucial issue depends on the level of professionalism of teachers, the culture of parents, their knowledge and application in the process of education of the basic concepts of developmental psychology and pedagogy.
With a competent answer to the question of what is the purpose of the student’s activity, the parameters of the zone of his near development are set. What does this mean?
According to L. Vygotsky, there is a certain gap between the actual development of the child (what he is able to solve and do on his own) and what the child is capable of as a result of accompanying a competent instructor (teacher). It is with these parameters that the learning objectives are determined. In order for this distance to be successfully overcome and the child has a steady desire to develop his abilities, it is important to pay attention to the motives of learning. In this process, not only educators should participate, but, more importantly, the student’s parents.
Recommendations for the formation of student motivation
- Initially, the child must understand that teaching is an area of ​​his personal responsibility. The child should not perform its direct functions - preparing homework, school fees. It is better to leave this at the control level, with a gradual transition to self-control.
- To show personal sincere interest in the field in which the student’s activities are carried out and in evaluating the results (even, in your opinion, insignificant) in the learning process.
- Never compare a child with other children. To note his personal growth in comparison with what he was yesterday and what has changed personally in him. There is always something to praise your child! All children are brilliant.
- Concentrate on achievements, do not scold for failure, you need to teach a child with dignity to get out of difficult situations without losing faith in himself. The characteristic of the student’s activity should be carried out only in a positive way.
- To help the child see the real connection between success in mastering theoretical knowledge and the level of practical benefit and expediency.
- To develop a reward system with a short goal - for a day, week, month, study period (quarter, six months) and with a prospect - for a year.
Remember that the independence of the child depends largely on the position of the parent - friend, adviser, authority. And success comes from the ability to help a child believe in himself.