Russian is a real living organism. It grows and develops, loses old words and acquires new ones. This process is inevitable as long as its carriers are alive, that is, you and I. And we, especially in spoken language, are not particularly literate with regard to the correct use of words and their combinations. And how our children like to invent new words! Yes, and we are not averse.
Here is the word "chip", which has already successfully gone to the people. Yes, the chip is a feature of something, a key point. Clear. And many still remember that the chip determined the position of the player in board games, that is, each had his own chip. So this word is quite a metaphor for itself. Sometimes they ask: what is the trick here? Keeping in mind: what is the main secret? Or: where is the dog buried here? So, we decide:
What is a metaphor?
A metaphor (and this word is translated from Greek means "figurative meaning") - a word or a combination of words used not in a direct but in a figurative meaning. And the transfer is carried out when the signs of one object or phenomenon move to another. Here both similarity and difference of phenomena are suitable.
The term "metaphor" was introduced by the ancient Greek thinker Aristotle in connection with his concept of "art as an imitation of life."
In a sentence, a metaphor is most often expressed by a noun, sometimes a verb or other parts of speech.
Metaphor and comparison
The metaphor should not be confused with direct comparison. The second often uses unions “how,” “as if,” as if “for linking the parts to be compared. Here are examples of sentences with comparisons. From Pushkin’s poem about the storm:" The way it beasts, it will conquer, // it will cry like a child ... “Or:“ I’m like the king of a country where rain pours everlasting ... ”(S. Baudelaire).“ Like a king ”,“ like a beast ”,“ like a child ”- comparative turns. Please note that the comparative turn in the sentence usually separated by commas.
In the metaphor, all these “like” and “how” are simply absent. It can be called a hidden comparison. For this reason, in sentences with a metaphor, sometimes (but not always!) You can, by converting the noun-image, remove the “how” and here is a metaphor: hair, like silk - silk hair; tan like chocolate - chocolate tan.
Metaphor and phraseology. Their difference
Now let’s talk about how to distinguish phraseological units and metaphors in sentences from works of art.
Phraseologism is considered as an unchanged, undiluted in other words phrase, characteristic of a given language. Replace one word in such a speech revolution - and the meaning will change or even be erased. And the metaphor is connected with its prototype by a certain meaning, which means that the transfer of a sign can be varied, strengthening, weakening or changing in general.
How can I say otherwise "the horse did not roll"? Only by completely replacing the expression: "nothing has been done." And you say, for example, “the goat didn’t lie” or “the cow didn’t lie down” - and no one will understand you. These are phraseological turns.
But in the metaphor of "silk hair" already replaced, replace "silk" with "satin" - and the meaning will differ exactly as much as we distinguish silk from satin.
Although in sentences from works of art, metaphors and phraseological units are often confused. Here is an example: “Pasha will find work, his hands are golden” (M. Gorky, “Mother”). Are Golden Hands the first or second? Say "skillful, skillful hands" - it is clear, one word has been replaced, the general meaning has not gone away. So a metaphor? But the stable expression "golden hands" is and is actively used in the language.
Metaphor as a kind of trail
And here we talk about sentences with metaphors from works of art in which it is used as an artistic device.
The trope is
an allegory, one of the techniques of the artistic expressive capabilities of the language. A kind of trail is a metaphor. But it’s a habit of scientists to complicate everything, let’s tell you a secret. Indeed, many of the paths are metaphorical in nature: personification (white wings of a blizzard), metonymy (the whole house had to be evacuated), epithet (where are you flying, proud bird?), Allegory (the state is me).
Types of Metaphor
But metaphors also have their own varieties.
The lexical metaphor (hidden, erased) - you can’t even see metaphors in these sentences, so the direct meaning of the word is lost after frequent use, it has left us: it is snowing, time is running, tears are rolling, the door handle, the leg of the chair.
The metaphor is simple - transferring a sign from one object or phenomenon to another: a fire (bonfire) of dawn, bullets of hail, a bank burst, the light of a smile, the rise of the exchange rate, an avalanche of letters, a sea of happiness.
But the realized metaphor means a special attention of the listener to the direct meaning of words. Often such a transfer takes on a comic shade. Here are examples of sentences with such metaphors from fiction:
- "Yes, there is no face on you, only trousers, a shirt and boots."
- "The exam was canceled because they sold all the tickets."
- "All flags will be with us."
- "I lost my temper and just can't get back."
And finally, a detailed metaphor as a technique can be carried out on a large fragment of the sentence or the entire sentence. The true masters of the artistic word built whole works on a detailed metaphor. So, for example, in the famous Yesenin poems "You are my fallen maple" and "Golden grove dissuaded" the central images - a tree and a grove that lost their last foliage - can also be considered as a metaphor for the passing life. And the main metaphor of N. Gumilyov’s poem "Lost Tram" is a fantastic tram ride on St. Petersburg night streets.
The most metaphorical in content, of course, is poetry. Open any poetry collection to see this.
More metaphors!
And here is another sentence in which there are metaphors from the works of great authors:
- "Shod with ice // the street was slipping" (V. Mayakovsky).
- "Forest itches, scrapes leaves" (I. Ratushinskaya).
- "Here I am delirious along the big road // In the quiet light of a dying day ..." (F. Tyutchev).
And here is a sentence with the very word “metaphor”: “The works of this composer are scattered into hundreds of musical metaphors that make the listener rejoice and suffer ...” (From the review).