Games and competitions belong to those social phenomena whose significance is far from being limited to the sphere of physical education and physical development. They arose a long time ago and were developed simultaneously with social culture. With the help of games and competitions, the most diverse needs of self-awareness, development, both physical and spiritual, interpersonal contacts, entertainment and recreation, are satisfied. But, among other things, they also carry a pedagogical function, that is, they serve as a wonderful and important means of education.
Game method in physical education
Features of the method called gaming, are as follows:
1. Players organize their own activities according to a conditional or figurative plot (game plan, design). In such a plot, it is understood that the goal of the game will be achieved on the basis of constant changes in the game situation that are random in nature. Scenarios, as a rule, are borrowed from the reality that directly surrounds the participants.
Certain applied actions and relationships observed in life are reflected in the game. Participants imitate labor, household chores, hunting and much more. The plot of the game can be intentionally created with focus on the needs of physical education and exist in the form of a conditional scheme of action of the players among themselves. This is the nature of all modern sports games.
2. Another characteristic feature is the variety of ways in which the goal can be achieved. That is, gain (goal achievement), as a rule, is not associated with a single option. His ways are always different and diverse, which by definition is allowed by game rules. Only the most general line of behavior is limited in games without taking into account specific actions.
3. Game methods for teaching children are complex activities. They contain a lot of different movements - from running and jumping to wrestling and fights. Sometimes this method is characterized by predetermined strictly defined actions of the same type. An example is “Fortleck” (or “running game”), which combines the classic gaming approach with continuous physical exercise. In practice, it looks like an alternation of running of varying intensity and walking. Such competitions take place in the form of competition on the ground between the participants.
Other advantages
Those involved in the game method are given wide freedom. The independence of their actions is rarely limited. On the contrary, the requirements for the level of initiative, dexterity and resourcefulness in this case are quite high. Each of the players has a wide range of creative solutions to the tasks, and the constant change of scenery and the emergence of more and more new plot data prompts a solution quickly and very actively, which contributes to the maximum mobilization of both physical and mental abilities.
The game simulates interpersonal and intergroup relationships, the nature of which is quite stressful. Most of these actions are characterized by high emotionality. Such competitions contribute to the modeling and reproduction of active relations between individual players and entire groups, aimed both at cooperation (which refers to one team) and rivalry (we are talking about relations between opponents in pairs and teams). The game is always a field of conflict of directly opposing interests, a place of origin and resolution of its inherent conflicts. Thanks to this, throughout its entire duration, emotional tension exists at a very high level and helps to clearly manifest the personalities of participants with all their ethical qualities.
The game method is inherent in the ability to program certain actions with varying degrees of probability, while the load can be adjusted.
Competitive method
Its main feature is the ability to compare forces on the basis of organized rivalry with a single goal - the struggle for the highest level of achievement, ideally - for the championship.
Like games, competitions (competitions) are one of the most widely known phenomena of public life. Its most important significance is that in a similar way, activity is organized and stimulated in a huge number of vital spheres. This is the production process (working competition), and art (a system of festivals and art competitions), and, of course, sports with its olympiads and championships. Each of the forms carries a strictly defined specific meaning.
What is inherent in him
A characteristic feature of the competitive method is unification. What it is? This term means bringing the subject of the competition to a certain uniformity, as well as some regulation of the means of struggle to achieve primacy and the methods by which the result is evaluated. This is understandable. After all, if there is no universally recognized standard for comparing results, a comparison of forces and achievements is impossible.
In some cases, the unification procedure affects only a certain narrow circle of competitors (class collective, groups, etc.), but nevertheless, the principles that are characteristic for any form of using the competitive method are present in any sports.
The basis of this method is the rational organization of the competition process itself. At the same time, an athlete is characterized by a test of his own strengths not only in confrontation with rivals, but also in the desire to overcome himself and increase his own performance or previous result.
Let's talk about gaming
The game method in elementary school can be considered as the most productive area that exists among all modern methods of physical education. In any form, its use is always attractive to the child. Successful and competent variation of many of its existing forms allows us to solve the problems of physical education as fully and comprehensively as possible.
Children, especially those belonging to this age group, are most actively interested in everything that finds expression in movement. At the same time, the process of accurately isolating and regulating individual forms of motor activity is still beyond his control . Kids tend to get tired quickly, but at the same time recover quickly. Fatigue develops most strongly in children during the performance of uniform exercises. The most attractive ones are those that can be mastered as soon as possible.
This feature is just one of the features of the game method. Tasks are solved in a relatively short time and involve the complete mobilization of physical forces.
How to captivate kids
In children with their observation, imaginative objective thinking is always manifested. Based on this, their activities should be organized accordingly, adhering to a conditional or figurative plot, so that the exercises are carried out in a relaxed atmosphere and do not allow the interest in classes to fade away.
After the initial learning of movements, there comes a moment of the need for their comprehensive improvement. It is here, as never before, that all the prerequisites for improving physical qualities are created. The game training method provides the most complete conditions in which the development of the necessary traits is possible - endurance, strength, dexterity and speed.
When conducting a lesson or training by the game method in training, exercises of a competitive nature are also used. Most often, this type of them affects training and auxiliary elements of movements, where one way or another there are options for rivalry.
Auxiliary games can be simple, complex, transitional or team. As you know, all the behavior of a child is spontaneous and, by and large, exists precisely in the form of a game. In this case, it serves as a method of this complex of auxiliary actions, the purpose of which is to give order to the child’s game and encourage them to achieve certain pedagogical and developmental tasks.
In this case, one should not lose sight of the need to constantly maintain freedom of movement and a joyful, relaxed atmosphere.
What gives the game
Methods of the game can be conditionally attributed to imitative, game and classic. Their receptions do not have to be associated with a generally accepted sports game such as volleyball or football. You can practice them using absolutely any physical exercises as a base.
Thus, the main point of applying the game method with all its inherent features is not so much a selective influence on specific physical qualities or training in initial movements, but improvement of the whole complex of movements in a somewhat complicated framework.
This is mainly about the development of speed, agility, independence, ability to orientate, initiative. A real teacher is able to turn it into an excellent tool for raising the spirit of camaraderie and collectivism, teaching discipline and other important personality traits.
Game methods at school, application options for a variety of sports equipment, various forms of outdoor games allow you to influence the physical qualities of players deeply and comprehensively. The result of such classes is an increase in interest in physical education and sports. Children receive an incentive to learn the techniques of certain rather complex exercises and complexes, they strive to overcome difficulties and learn to solve problems.
Competition as a form of interaction
The use of the competitive method in physical education classes for children can take the form of both detailed and very basic ones. Competitions in the performance of individual elements of exercises lead to stimulation of interest and motor activity. We are talking about the expanded form when classes are organized in the form of official competitions or the passing of control standards.
The very state of rivalry during the competition, as well as the conditions and conditions during their conduct, contribute to the creation of a special physiological and emotional background that enhances the main effect. We are talking about the procedure for the official determination of the winner, a ritual of rewarding for achievements, recognition of their social significance, competition and elimination of weak rivals in the case of multi-stage competitions. A complex combination of all such factors allows the maximum manifestation of all the physical capabilities of the body.
As a rule, much more significant functional shifts are observed in comparison with similar loads of a non-competitive nature under competitive conditions. The more significant a particular competition is in a personal or social plan, the higher is the psychological tension. Factors of constant confrontation, clash of interests, struggle and rivalry are present here by definition. In conditions of team competitions, mutual assistance relations and the responsibility of individual players to the team are formed and strengthened.
About little athletes
Not only school physical education classes involve the use of a competitive method. It is also used in the preparation of high-level athletes. In practice, the techniques in this matter may be different:
1. Using the competitive method, preparatory exercises with an orientation to increased load parameters can be performed. That is, the training consists in a competition for the maximum possible number of repetitions of exercises and elements of general training.
2. Competitions may be organized, involving the fulfillment of episodic tasks for which it is not necessary to specially prepare, but it is required to mobilize psychologically quite strongly. An example is the competition for the speed of development on the move of a new unusual movement or unusual combinations of elements.
How else can you apply the competitive method
It is possible to compete in the main exercise in a partially modified form (for example, running a distance similar to the main one, or throwing a projectile of increased severity).
You can focus on the quality side of the exercises with a decrease in the level of competition.
Why is the competitive method so important for the formation of sports qualities and character traits? The bottom line is that it is based on a person’s natural desire for victory. Attitudes to improve their own results and physical parameters in competitions mobilize and engage all kinds of interpersonal relationships that take place in sports. The participant is given the task of working at the limit of his own abilities and at the same time mastering the ability to control himself (sometimes in fairly difficult conditions).
What does he give
Thus, a whole range of pedagogical tasks can be solved using the competitive method. This also applies to the education of the qualities of the moral-volitional and physical order, the improvement of skills, abilities and abilities, their rational use in difficult conditions. Compared with other methods, he puts forward the maximum requirements for the physical capabilities of the human body, so that they receive optimal development.
At the same time, one should not forget about the potential danger of the formation of not only positive character traits. The situation of constant rivalry can sometimes lead to the strengthening of such negative qualities as vanity, selfishness and excessive ambition. That is why it is so important to combine the competitive method with competent and highly qualified teaching staff. Only when this condition is met, you can not worry about a decent moral education of the younger generation.
What can be recommended in practice
Both game and competitive methods lead to an effective increase in the level of training and the development of physical qualities. Using them, try not to transfer mechanically the set of game models given in various collections and manuals into your own practice of working with schoolchildren. Any of the forms should be modified and adapted to a specific occupation, depending on the tasks assigned to it.
In physical education classes for elementary school students, it is advisable to include the following forms related to the game method in the game plan:
2. Comic assignments.
3. Outdoor games.
4. Organization of classes according to the selected plot.
5. The use of simulators and game equipment.
One of such forms can be a circular training, where different types of simulators serve as nodal points.
Game method - exercises for example
Power and speed qualities are well brought up with the help of outdoor games and exercises related to jumping, relay relay, using the ball, etc. Such games as “Pass faster”, “Throwing in the shield”, “Best jumper”, “Relay race” are widely known. "," Quantitative transfer ", etc.
Flexibility is brought up in the games “Keep your balance”, “Rolls under the bridge”, “Wave”, “Relay race together”, “Race with gymnastic sticks”, “Salki on the run”, “Artful, flexible”, etc.
The level of endurance is increased by the following outdoor games: cribs, relay races with return, rolling the ball at speed, “Take an empty seat”, “Hunters”, “Swallows”. A description of all these and many similar exercises and forms of conducting game classes can be found both in special methodological literature and on the Internet.