The Russian language is rich in spelling, every child knows this. Since childhood, in the lessons of the Russian language, we learn numerous rules that cannot be counted, but in order to know the correct spelling of words. All the spelling of the Russian language can not be counted, there are so many that even philologists sometimes confuse and forget them. This article will help you understand the basic rules of spelling.
Unstressed checked vowels in the root and spelling "cha, schA"
Children begin to study this rule, as a rule, in the first class or in kindergarten. The rule helps to know which letter is written in the root of the word. For example, in the word "och_rovanie" you can write both the letter "o" and the letter "a". To find out which letter is written in a word, you need to pick up a cognate word. A suitable word would be "chara", because here the emphasis falls on the letter "a". This means that the "charm" is written with the letter "a" in the root.
It should be borne in mind that spelling in the Russian language may intersect. For example, another, no less important rule will be the spelling "cha, scha." The words “cha, schA” are always written with the letter “a”. For example, thicket, enchantment, charm, cup, etc.
Unverifiable root vowels
Untested root vowels are the most unloved rule of primary school students. Indeed, when writing words with such a spelling, no rules will help. Spelling of the Russian language with an unchecked vowel is not fundamentally checked, the spelling of such words must be remembered. Vowels cannot be checked in words such as: birch, raspberry, vinaigrette, alley, plant, people, banana, chocolate, diamond, etc. The spelling of such words must be remembered once and for all so as not to make mistakes.
Unpronounceable root consonants
It is very important to study the rule of unpronounceable consonants in the root of the word, because this spelling is often found in the letter. Most often, unpronounceable consonants are fundamentally checked. For example: dangerous - dangerous, heart - heart, sun - sun, giant - giant, happy - happiness, silence - rumor, etc.
Spelling of prefixes ending in z-, s-
In fact, people often make mistakes in consoles ending in s- and s-, even if they know Russian well. Spelling prefixes are common, so you just need to remember what the spelling of the prefix depends on. The prefixes for s- and s- are: voz- / vos-, through- / cres-, vz- / vs-, voz- / vos-, iz- / is-, raz- / ras-, without- / bes- and roses- / ros-.
In order to understand which letter is written, you need to look at the following. If the consonant letter following the prefix is deaf (k, p, t, w, u, f, x, h, s, c), then the prefix is written in the letter "c", this rule provides for the Russian language. Spelling indicates that if the subsequent sound is sonorous, then the prefix is written with the end of "z". Examples with “c”: flare up, painting, discolor, endless, etc. Examples with “z”: excessive, joyless, product, take a look, etc.
Alternating Vowels at the Root
Alternating vowels in the roots is an important rule that will accompany the student from the 5th to 11th grades. The spelling for the alternation of vowels in the roots is in almost all exams, such as the OGE (GIA) and the Unified State Examination.
Spelling in the Russian language provides for the existence of four alternation groups, each must be considered in detail:
- The roots in which the spelling of the vowel depends on the subsequent suffix:
-ber- / bir-, -ter - / - tier-, -per - / - pir-, -stel - / - steel-, -shine - / - blist-, -der - / - dir-.
The letter “and” is written in the root of the word if the suffix -a- should be: freeze (but freeze), burn (but burn), shine (but shine), etc.
The word “a” is written in the root of the word if the suffix “-a” follows: to touch (but touch), offer (but offer), etc.
- The roots in which the spelling of the vowel depends on the stress in the word:
-gar - / - gor-, -tvar - / - creat-, -clan - / - clone-, -zar - / - zor-.
If the word accent falls on the letter “a”, then the word “a” is also written in the root: tan, bow, glow, dawn, etc.
If the word stress does not fall to the root, then it is written "about": creation, bow, sunbathing, dawn, etc.
- The spelling of the vowel at the root of the word depends on the letter behind this vowel:
-rast - / - grove - / - grove-, -How - / - Skoch-.
The letter "a" is written before "st" and "u": a plant grown, etc. The letter "o" is written in all other cases. Exceptions: sprout, teenage, growth, moneylender, Rostov, etc.
"A" is written before "k", and "o" is written before "h": jump, jump, etc. Exceptions: jump, jump, etc.
- Writing a vowel fundamentally depends on the meaning:
-max - / - moc-, -equals - / - equal -.
In the first case, “a” is written if the meaning of the word makes sense to be immersed in water: dunk, dip, etc. It is written “o” with the meaning of the liquid: wet, wet, wet, etc.
In the second case, “a” is written when the meaning is synonymous with the word “equal”: equal, equal, etc. It is written “o” when the value is synonymous with the word “straight”: flat, align, etc.
The letters "and", "s" after "q"
Rich in various rules of the Russian language. Spelling occurs here and there. That's exactly the way with the letters "and", "s" after the consonant "c", students are often confused in their spelling. In fact, in order to correctly spell words with such a spelling, you need to remember in which cases they write "and", and in which "s":
- "and" write in the root of the word: number, quote, circus, cylinder, etc.
- "and" write in words on "tsiya": nation, lecture, conference, information, privatization, etc.
- "s" write in the endings and suffixes of the words: (no) queen, (shawl) fox, (no) stepdaughter, etc.
- "s" are written in exception words: gypsies, chicken, chick-chick, chick, tip-toe, etc.
Spelling prefixes pre- and
Spelling prefixes rather complicates the Russian language. Spelling for this part of the word is contained very often and in large numbers. However, the rule for prefixes to pre- and remember is quite easy.
Prefix is used when:
- It has the meaning of the prefix re-: terminate, block, successor, etc.
- Gives the word the highest degree of quality: premium, pre-aggrandizement, extol, excel, exceed, etc.
The prefix is used when, when:
- Affinity matters: seaside, homestead, court, station, etc.
- Additions and approximations matter: fasten, bring, etc.
- Indicates incompleteness of action: close, lie down, proceed, calm down, etc.
- Indicates the completeness of the action: cut, mute, etc.
As you know, all the spelling of the Russian language has been studied for many years. In order to be literate and educated, it is necessary to memorize these spelling rules and do practical tasks. Schools carefully pass each spelling rule.