The educational standard is ... Federal State Educational Standards (GEF)

An educational standard is a set of standards applicable to pedagogical activity of a certain level or to the direction of training, specialty and profession. It is approved by the authorized executive body. The standards adopted before 2009, we knew as GOSy. Until 2000, standards and minimums for the level of training of graduates in each level and specialty were applied. Let's consider further what the Federal educational standard represents today.

Development history

In 1992, the concept of the educational standard first appeared. This definition was recorded in the industry federal law. Art. 7 was entirely devoted to the GOS. In the original version of the law, the standards were adopted by the Supreme Council of the country. However, in 1993, the Constitution was adopted, and therefore this provision was terminated. The functions for the adoption of GOSs were assigned to the executive bodies in the manner prescribed by the government. At the same time, it is worth saying that the Supreme Council has not used it for the entire time that it has the right to approve the standard.

Structure

The educational process with the introduction of new standards and minimums was initially proposed to be built on 5 components. It:

1. The objectives of pedagogical activity at each level.
2. Standards for the basic content of major programs.
3. The maximum allowable amount of training classroom load.
4. Standards for the preparation of students at different school levels.
5. Requirements for training conditions.

However, proponents of the subject-methodological approach insisted on changing this structure. As a result, the federal component of the standard was reduced to a three-part form:

1. The minimum content of OOP.
2. The maximum amount of training load.
3. Standards for the level of training of graduates.

At the same time, children who graduated from primary school were also among the latter. Thus, from the aforementioned Art. 7, several elements disappeared, and a number of others were replaced:

1. Destroyed target block.
2. The requirements for the main content of the PLO were replaced by "mandatory minimums", that is, in fact, all the same standard list of topics. As a result, the educational standard was, in fact, the usual set of subject plans.
3. The concept of maximum permissible load disappeared, which is not equivalent to the concept of maximum load.
4. The requirements for training conditions were removed.

Criticism and change

Former Minister of Education E. D. Dneprov spoke out that the “three-dimensional” state standard is an insufficient, inadequate scheme. She did not meet the needs of teaching practice. In addition, such a system did not meet the development requirements of the legislation itself. In this regard, already in 1996, after the adoption of the Federal Law "On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education", there was a partial return to the original plan. In paragraph 2 of Art. On the 5th of the mentioned law, standards appeared regarding the minimum content of PLO, as well as the conditions for their implementation. The normative act, thus, drew attention to the order in which the educational process proceeds.

Stages

Between 1993 and 1999 temporary standards and federal components of GOS were developed and applied. In 2000, the first standards were approved for PLO, the first and second generation for GPs. In general, the development went through 4 stages: from 1993 to 1996, from 1997 to 1998, from 2002 to 2003. and from 2010 to 2011 At each stage, the motives for the approval and goals of the standards themselves, as well as the orientation of the work of teachers during their implementation, changed. The corrections in the first two stages were insignificant and were within the framework of the general educational policy. In the third and fourth stages, the changes were dramatic. They were introduced in line with the activity-developing and personality-oriented pedagogy. A new educational standard began to be developed in 2009.

Formation of a system of standards

GEF requirements can be developed by:

1. Levels.
2. The steps.
3. Directions.
4. Specialties.

Replacement (revision) of the standards should be carried out at least 1 time within 10 years. State educational standards of general education are developed by level. Vocational training standards are also established in the specialties, directions, and professions in accordance with the stage at which the student is. The requirements of the GEF are determined in accordance with the current and future needs of the individual, the development of the state and society, the country's defense and security, technology and technology, science and culture, the social and economic sphere. The development of standards is carried out in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation governing the placement of orders for the performance of work, delivery of goods, and provision of services for municipal and state needs. Educational standards of higher education are determined by the educational and methodological departments of universities in the relevant specialties (areas of training).

Approval and Expertise

The main educational standard is approved after the project is sent to the Ministry of Education and Science. The Ministry publishes the discussion materials on its own official website. Representatives of interested executive structures, public and state associations working in the field of education, advanced scientific and pedagogical institutions, communities, associations and other organizations participate in it. After discussion, the project is sent for an independent examination.

Stakeholders

An independent examination is carried out within 14 days from the date of receipt of materials from the Ministry of Education and Science. The stakeholders involved in the verification are:

1. Institutions of citizen participation in education management, executive structures of regional authorities - according to draft standards of PLO.
2. The Ministry of Defense and other bodies in which the law provides for military service - according to the standards of full (secondary) general education, secondary vocational education in the part related to the preparation of students to stay in the armed forces.
3. Associations of employers, legal entities operating in the relevant economic sectors - according to the draft standards for secondary and primary vocational training and higher education.

Adoption

Based on the results of an independent audit, an opinion is sent to the Ministry of Education and Science. It is signed by the head of the body or organization that conducted the audit, or by another authorized person. Expert opinions, comments, GEF projects are discussed in the council of the ministry. He decides on the recommendation of the project for approval, revision or rejection. The decision is sent to the Ministry of Education. The ministry makes its own final decision on the GEF. Amendments, additions, changes to the approved standards are carried out in the same manner as their adoption.

Goals

The key task that the educational standard fulfills is the formation of a single pedagogical space in the country. The standards also have the following objectives:

1. Spiritual and moral education and development.
2. Continuity of OOP of preschool, primary, basic, full school, as well as primary, secondary and university vocational education.

The standards set the terms of training, taking into account its various forms, pedagogical technologies, features of certain categories of students.

Application

The federal educational standard acts as the basis for:

1. The organization of pedagogical activity in educational institutions implementing PLO in accordance with the approved standard, regardless of the legal form and subordination.
2. Development of sample curricula, programs in subjects and courses, control and measuring materials, educational publications.
3. Conducting control and supervision measures aimed at verifying compliance with legislation in the field of pedagogical activity.
4. Development of standards for financial support of educational activities of institutions implementing PLO.
5. Formation of municipal or state assignments for educational institutions.
6. Certifications of teachers and employees of the administrative and administrative apparatus of municipal and state structures.
7. Organization of internal monitoring of the quality of pedagogical activity.
8. Conducting intermediate and final certification of students.
9. Organization of training, advanced training, professional retraining of teachers.

Introduction to pedagogical activity

How are GEF implemented in practice? Programs that operate in educational institutions should be compiled in accordance with approved standards. Their development is carried out directly by institutions. GEF-generated programs include:

1. Academic plan.
2. Calendar schedule.
3. Working subject programs.
4. Plans for courses, modules (disciplines), other components.
5. Methodological and evaluation materials.

Generations

The first general educational standards were introduced in 2004. The second generation of standards was adopted:

1. For 1-4 cl. - in 2009
2. For 5-9 cl. - in 2010
3. For 10-11 cl. - in 2012

They were aimed at the result, the formation and development of students ’UUD. The first generation of higher education standards was approved in 2003. The following standards were introduced in 2005. They were aimed at students acquiring knowledge, skills and abilities. The third generation of standards has been approved since 2009. In accordance with them, higher education institutions should develop professional and general cultural competencies among students.

ECS HPE

Until 2000, a unified state standard of higher vocational education was in force. It was approved by a government decree. This standard defined:

1. The structure of university vocational training.
2. Documents on high school.
3. General requirements for basic vocational education areas and conditions for their implementation.
4. The volume and standards of the student.
5. Academic freedoms of a university in determining the content of higher education.
6. General requirements for the list of specialties (directions) of vocational training.
7. The procedure in accordance with which the development and approval of standards for the minimum content and level of training of students in specific professions are carried out.
8. Rules of state control of compliance with the requirements of the state standard of higher vocational education.

Since 2013, in accordance with Federal Law No. 273, more progressive standards should be established. New standards are being introduced, among other things, for areas of university education related to the training of scientific and pedagogical workers. Standards are also being developed for preschool education and development. For them, state federal educational minimums previously operated. The standards applied directly to the structure of the preschool education program.