Blood transfusion is a therapeutic method in which the transfer of blood and its products from one person to another is carried out. For this purpose, only donated blood is used. Such a procedure can save a human life when a lot of blood loss occurs, and the body is not able to make up for it on its own. In general, there are a number of indications, in the presence of which a transfusion is prescribed: acute blood loss (with injuries, during operations, as well as with cervical and tubal pregnancy), the development of chronic anemia, prolonged ongoing bleeding, and a decrease in body resistance (which usually occurs before and after surgery), shock conditions, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, as well as coagulation disorders. Very often, this procedure is prescribed for hematological diseases, purulent-septic diseases and severe forms of toxicosis.
However, blood transfusion has a number of contraindications: decompensated heart disease, renal failure, pneumonia, tuberculosis, myocardial infarction and the presence of severe hypertension.
The fact is that such a procedure can be the cause of serious consequences for the body, up to a fatal outcome. Therefore, to date, doctors have developed a system for the proper storage, preservation of blood and its transfusion technique.
So, blood must be tested for HIV. Harvesting and preserving the blood obtained is carried out at special stations for its transfusion. Storage is carried out at a temperature of 5 to 7 degrees above zero. Before transfusion, the blood is warmed to room temperature.
Blood transfusion can be carried out directly (from donor to recipient) or indirect (blood is collected in a bottle containing preservative) by. Direct transfusion is extremely rare. Indications are poor blood coagulation, prolonged bleeding in patients suffering from hemophilia, as well as the presence of traumatic shock of the 3rd degree, but in combination with blood loss of about 25-45%. Donors for this type of transfusion should be preliminarily examined at a blood transfusion station. There he undergoes the necessary research and only then is he admitted to the operation.
It is important to remember the fact that a blood transfusion becomes possible only when the blood of the donor and recipient must coincide in the group. In emergency cases, the use of 0 (I) group for all others is allowed. But for patients with the first group, only appropriate blood is allowed, and not any other.
Therefore, the compatibility of blood groups during transfusion is one of the main conditions for this procedure. To check it, two series of standard sera 0 (I), A (II), B (III) are used, which should be stored at a temperature not lower than 5 and not higher than 7 degrees. On a plate, which is divided into four parts, a drop from each series is applied with different pipettes. Then, taking ten different drops of blood with different dry sticks, they are added to each drop on a plate. In no case should there be a mixture of series and groups. Five minutes later, the result can already be seen:
- If three serums have uniform color, blood belongs to the first group.
- In the case of a negative reaction of serum A (II) and positive from the others, group A (II) is determined.
- If a negative reaction occurred only from the B (III) side, we have a third group.
- In the case when the reaction affected all serums, the group of the studied patient is the fourth.
Only after determining the group, a blood transfusion is performed. Compatibility is the most important factor, because without checking it, trusting only the words of the patient or his relatives, who may have inaccurate data, a person may die if he gets the wrong group.