Consider the main types of training tasks that the teacher will have to solve in the framework of the lesson and extracurricular activities. D. B. Elkonin and V. V. Davydov present the entire academic work in the form of a phased achievement of certain results.
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The purpose of cognitive activity is the mastery of certain skills by schoolchildren. They depend on the scientific field under consideration. Educational actions can be substantive, control, auxiliary. These include analysis, generalization, synthesis, schematization. Educational activities in the framework of the new Federal educational standards contribute to the formation of civic responsibility in the younger generation, the desire for independent knowledge acquisition.
Task structure
What is meant by this term? The educational task is a complex system of information about a specific object or phenomenon, in the solution of which children improve their OO. The process involves the search for new knowledge, their coordination with the base that has already been formed among schoolchildren.
Solutions
Since the training task is a complex process, there is a certain procedure due to which it can be successfully solved. It depends on the subject area, the individual characteristics of students, as well as the teaching methods chosen by the teacher. If children solve the same problem in several ways, this helps them gain experience in project and research activities, is a guarantee of successful socialization.
Currently, teaching materials in various scientific disciplines are compiled so that the teacher is not limited to the usual translation of knowledge, but builds individual educational trajectories on the basis of a personality-oriented approach for each student.
As means used to solve pedagogical problems, one can consider texts, schemes, formulas that contribute to the assimilation of certain skills.
Classes in schools are organized so that the teacher has the opportunity to fulfill the order of society for the formation of citizenship and patriotism in the younger generation. Upon graduation from an educational institution, a graduate should be fully prepared for life in society, own a university, love his country, respect its traditions and culture.
a brief description of
A training task is a task with a specific goal. In some tasks, means and solutions are indicated. For example, if a teacher wants to teach schoolchildren the method of compiling chemical equations, he uses the simplest mathematical techniques (multiplication, addition, subtraction, division), as well as visual aids: models of atoms and molecules.
The educational materials chosen by the teacher to solve the tasks set must correspond to the age characteristics of the students.
Task components
There are several authors in pedagogy who have studied this issue in detail. So, in the opinion of L. M. Fridman, the educational task is a certain task that has the following components:
- subject area;
- relations between the considered objects;
- requirements;
- operations to solve the problem.
How is the solution of educational problems by students themselves? They accept it, develop an action plan, carry out certain operations and actions that contribute to the solution of the proposed problem.
The curriculum of the school is drawn up in such a way as to create optimal conditions for the independent development of students.
The specifics of work in schools
Schools have a different look at the moment. Teachers are not limited to the simple transfer of knowledge; they do not require students to memorize information mechanically. At all levels of school education, attention is paid to design and research. If in the framework of the lesson the teacher devotes an insignificant period of time to invite the children to solve a certain problem situation, then after the lessons much more attention can be given to such activities.
The specifics of extracurricular activities
Recently, many educational institutions have scientific and research clubs. Children attending such classes feel like real experimenters and researchers.
The teacher who organizes such training is a truly talented and caring teacher who wants to instill in the younger generation a sense of love and pride in his country. What tasks does he set for his students? What skills can children attending club classes be able to master?
To answer these questions, it is necessary to consider in more detail the specifics of the work of such an organization.
The teacher draws up a program in which he indicates the main goals and objectives of extracurricular work with children. For example, in addition to identifying early giftedness, creating optimal conditions for self-realization and self-development of schoolchildren, the teacher sets the task - to form an active citizenship in the younger generation of Russians. Those projects that will be created by children individually or in small groups have a huge educational aspect. Communication contributes to the formation and improvement of communication skills.
In addition to the direct implementation of the project, the guys learn the specifics of public speaking, presenting the results of their work to the scientific jury of conferences and competitions. Answering the questions asked by scientists, teachers, children form the correct speech. It turns out that extracurricular project and research activities help students to be successful in the subjects of the humanitarian cycle.
The development of logic, which also contributes to project and research extracurricular activities, cannot be ignored. For example, analyzing the useful properties of cranberries, the child gets acquainted not only with theoretical information on this issue, but also studies the methods, using which he can confirm (refute) his hypothesis.
Carrying out his first independent experiments, the student receives skills in working with laboratory equipment. Special attention in the research work relating to the natural sciences is given to the safe conduct of experiments.
Before young scientists begin to conduct their own research, they become familiar with safety regulations.
Conclusion
Whatever educational task the modern teacher poses for the children, it involves the harmonious development of schoolchildren. Of course, the traditional explanatory and illustrative method of teaching is not suitable for the modern school, since the sequence of actions, the key points necessary for consideration, were all offered by the teacher on an authoritarian basis. Children did not have the opportunity to demonstrate their non-standard thinking, unleash their creative potential, and develop universal abilities.
Considering the transformations that are currently observed in domestic education, we can talk about the widespread transition of kindergartens, lyceums, gymnasiums to a personality-oriented approach to the education and upbringing of the younger generation. Modern students are no longer passive elements of the educational process, they become its active objects.
The transition to design and research methods in the humanitarian, natural, scientific fields of the school curriculum has already yielded its first positive results. Graduates of the modern school are adapted to the requirements of the social environment, they are ready for continuous learning, development. Whereas in the classical educational system, training presupposed a one-time acquisition of certain skills and abilities, now the situation has become completely different. In order for a young specialist to be in demand in the labor market, he must be mobile and ready to receive knowledge, and instilling such skills is the task of the school.