The need for the formation of an emergency fire fighting system in both Russia and abroad was dictated by the rapid increase in impending military threats, the development and continuous improvement of all kinds of weapons.
For example, during the war and after the war, the local air defense forces (the modern EMERCOM of Russia) not only saved numerous citizens at the time of enemy artillery and air strikes, eliminated debris, carried out primary life support measures for the population, unexploded ordnance and aerial bombs were cleared, structures were cleared and buildings, but also restored sewage and water supply, power and communication lines, command posts and much more.
The legislative aspect regarding the protection of the entire population of the country and its territories from emergency
For the first time in our country, according to the Decree of the Russian Federation No. 261 of 04/18/1992: “On the creation of the Russian system of warning and action in emergency situations”, an appropriate system was created to prevent all kinds of emergency situations in wartime and in peacetime, to eliminate them in case of occurrence, as well as to ensure complete safety of the population, comprehensive protection of the environment and reduction of the damage caused to the country's economy.
Later, the organizational and legal norms of the Russian Federation, which regulate the protection of the population in emergency situations, as well as the air, water and land space, the environment and social, industrial facilities, began to be regulated by the Federal Law: “On the Protection of the Population and Territories from Natural and Technogenic Emergencies” character ”No. 68-FZ of 21. 12. 1994 G.
The subsequent implementation of this law resulted in the adoption of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1113 of 05.11.1995 “On the Unified State System for the Prevention and Liquidation of Emergencies”, which approved the Regulation in relation to the RSHS. It determined what tasks are solved by the RFES, the principles of constructing this unified system, the composition of means and forces, the order of interaction of the main structural elements. In general, the Regulation governs how a single system functions.
Key terms in RSES
Emergency - a specific situation in a particular territory that has arisen due to an accident, catastrophe, dangerous event of natural origin, natural or other disaster, the result of which (will become) damage to human health or the environment, human casualties, various kinds of violations regarding acceptable living conditions people, substantial material losses.
Emergency prevention is an extensive set of preliminary measures aimed at minimizing the risks of their occurrence, maintaining human health, reducing the extent of damage to the natural environment, and significant material losses.
Emergency response - types of emergency work of an emergency and rescue nature that are carried out in case of emergencies. They are aimed at preserving human health, saving lives, reducing material losses and the extent of damage to the environment, as well as at localizing sections (zones) of emergency situations.
Emergency zone - the space in which an emergency has unfolded and which is therefore under constant control.
Aims and Tasks
The first are represented by three areas:
- prevention of emergencies and subsequent development of emergencies;
- reduction of damage from them;
- carrying out a complex of measures aimed at emergency response.
The main tasks of the RSHS:
1. The development and proper implementation of economic and legal standards that are associated with ensuring full protection of the entire population of the country and its territories from the impact of emergencies.
2. Implementation of scientific, technical and targeted programs that prevent emergencies, strengthening the functioning of institutions, enterprises and organizations (without reference to their legal forms), their subordinate social, industrial facilities in emergency situations.
3. Prediction and analysis of the socio-economic aspect of the consequences of emergencies.
4. Ensuring full readiness to carry out certain actions in emergency situations by the governing bodies, means and forces intended for their prompt warning and subsequent liquidation of the consequences caused by them.
5. International cooperation regarding the protection of the entire population of the country and its territories from the impact of emergencies.
6. Implementation of such a set of actions as the collection, operational processing, exchange and subsequent issuance of information on how to protect the population in emergency situations.
7. Preparing citizens for certain actions within the framework of an emergency.
8. The creation of the necessary reserves of various resources that will ensure the elimination of the consequences of emergencies.
9. Conducting state supervision, control and examination in relation to the protection of the entire population of the country and its territories from the impact of emergencies.
10. Emergency response.
11. Conducting a set of measures (humanitarian actions) regarding the social protection of citizens affected by emergencies.
12. The implementation of civil rights and obligations in the framework of protecting the population of the country and its territories from the consequences of emergency situations.
Tasks solved by the RSES are priority in all areas. Many lives, as well as territories, the damage of which can be irreversible, depend on their careful study and timely execution.
The goals and objectives of the RSHS should be constantly adjusted in accordance with the existing technogenic and anthropogenic situation in the country. Emergency prevention is the main direction of the services.
RSES: structure, tasks and functions
Its structure is represented by territorial and functional subsystems, expressed by five levels: object, local, territorial, regional and federal.
Territorial subsystems are formed within the territory of constituent entities of the Russian Federation in order to prevent and subsequently eliminate emergency situations. They consist of certain units that correspond to the administrative division of these territories.
As for the functional subsystems, they are formed by the federal executive bodies in the sectors of the economy entrusted to them with the aim of organizing measures to protect the entire population of the country and its territories from emergency situations.
Each level of the system in question has the following bodies (subdivisions of the RSHS):
- coordinating;
- daily management;
- Department of Civil Defense and Emergencies;
Also, each of them includes: necessary means and forces, reserves of various resources, warning systems, communications and information support.
Emergency Security
First you need to define this concept.
Safety in emergency situations is the creation of sufficient protection for all citizens, economic facilities, the natural environment from all kinds of dangers in an emergency. It comes in several varieties.
Types of emergency security
It happens:
- fire department;
- radiation;
- environmental;
- seismic;
- industrial;
- biological;
- chemical.
Safety in emergency situations can also be classified by objects:
- population;
- Environment;
- economic objects.
Achieving this kind of safety is carried out by preventing, preventing or minimizing the negative consequences of emergencies.
History of EMERCOM of Russia
It is closely linked to the history of civil defense (10/04/2010 - 78 years old). The period of its formation is considered to be October 4, 1932, when the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted the "Regulation on the Air Defense of the USSR", which for the first time identified measures and specific means regarding the direct protection of all citizens of the country and its territories. This is the initial stage in the development of the state system in this area (the birthday of the Local Air Defense). In 1961, it was decided to transform the MPVO into a civil defense.
The RFES (the functions and tasks of which we are considering) is the result of a revision of old views regarding the protection of the entire population of the country and its territories from all kinds of opponents (including the likelihood of using weapons of mass destruction).
December 27, 1990 was marked by the adoption of Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No. 606 "On the formation of the Russian rescue corps on the rights of the State Committee of the RSFSR." This date is the day when the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia was formed (later - the Day of the Rescuer of the Russian Federation).
On January 10, 1994, the State Emergencies Committee of Russia was transformed into the modern Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Management, with S. Shoigu as Minister.
And on December 9, 1992, the former Higher Central Civil Defense Courses were transformed into the current Academy of Civil Defense of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia (a unitary educational institution that has no analogues in the world).
So, we can say that the tasks currently formed and the structure of the RFES originate from the time of the MPVO.
Means and forces of the RSHS
The main tasks of the EMERCOM, which were listed earlier, include an item regarding ensuring complete readiness to carry out a number of actions in emergency situations of governing bodies, means and forces designed for their prompt warning and subsequent elimination of the consequences caused by them.
There are two types of the above means and forces:
1. Observation and control:
- supervisory authorities (regarding the condition of boilers, nuclear power plants, electric and gas networks, bridges, etc.);
- Control and Inspection Service (Ministry of Ecology);
- institutions and services of departments that monitor the status of potentially dangerous facilities, the natural environment;
- veterinary service;
- monitoring and laboratory control network (SNLC);
- laboratory monitoring of food quality, food raw materials;
- natural disaster warning service.
2. Emergency response:
- Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Defense (their units, units and formations);
- non-military civil defense units;
- means and forces related to other departments and ministries, state bodies (located on the territory of the Russian Federation).
The main areas of activity of the system under consideration
We continue to consider the RSHD. Its structure, tasks and functions are the most important element of the nat. security of the Russian Federation.
The main directions of its activities are:
1. Development of proposals regarding state policy regarding the protection of the entire population of the country and its territories from emergency situations, their timely implementation. This function is performed by the governing bodies together with the forces and means of the country (earlier this problem was solved by them separately).
2. Management of the operating moments of this system. The governing body is the EMERCOM of Russia, coordinating the work of government bodies, as well as local self-government in the framework of the problem under consideration. In order to increase the effectiveness of these activities, the Government of the Russian Federation has created a collegial governing body - the Interdepartmental Commission for the Prevention and Liquidation of Emergencies, which is engaged in intersectoral regulation in this area. Its decisions are binding on federal executive bodies and constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In the structural elements of the RSES, this function is carried out by the management bodies of the Civil Defense and Emergencies Committee and emergency commissions.
3. Control designed to ensure proper compliance with relevant regulatory legal acts, individual norms, rules and standards in the field of emergency protection by federal executive bodies, its bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, organizations, and local authorities. At the federal level, this function is carried out by the Ministry of Emergencies.
4. Production activity, which consists in carrying out preventive measures aimed at preventing emergencies, reducing their scale, minimizing damage and losses from their consequences and urgent emergency work to eliminate this kind of consequences.
5. Various kinds of support for the activities of the unified system (material, technical, financial, etc.). Reserves necessary for eliminating the consequences of emergency situations of material resources include: food raw materials, food, engineering, clothing and medical equipment, communications and vehicles, medicines, fuel, building materials, personal chemical and radiation protection equipment, etc.
6. International cooperation. It is expressed by the openness of Russia to the purposeful integration of the emergency response system into the emerging warning and subsequent emergency response systems in the world. Cooperation is realized through the conclusion of contracts and other international acts, the development of a joint legal framework regarding issues of mutual or collective interest, as well as activities in specialized international institutions and organizations.
EMERCOM of Russia: tasks and activities
The main tasks of the PSES assigned to this ministry can be grouped in two directions:
- Development of proposals regarding public policy in the framework of civil defense, as well as the prevention and subsequent liquidation of emergencies.
- Supervision and ensuring the normal functioning of the system in question (EMES) in emergencies not only in wartime, but also in peacetime.
It will not be out of place to emphasize once again that the main tasks and structure of the RSES are clearly spelled out in the previously mentioned Federal Law regarding the protection of citizens of the Russian Federation and its territories from emergency situations.
The principles of creating the system under consideration, taking into account the current situation in the country
First, of course, the need to comply with a comprehensive approach in the process of forming the system (taking into account the technogenic, natural origin of emergencies, their stages of development and consequences, measures to counter them and the required number of participants).
Secondly, the recognition, so to speak, of “non-zero risk” (the fact that the risks of emergencies cannot be excluded within the framework of all kinds of potential threats).
Thirdly, based on the fundamental principle of preventiveness (warning) in relation to safety (the maximum possible reduction in the likelihood of emergencies and the systematic implementation of preventive measures).
Operating modes of the considered unified system
Depending on the current situation, three modes are distinguished:
1. Continuous activity (provided that all existing governing bodies and existing forces of the RSChS are operating at a normal pace):
- study of the current state of the environment and comprehensive forecasting of emergencies;
- planning, organizing and ensuring a complex of actions of the forces of the emergency control system and control bodies in case of emergencies;
- collection, processing and subsequent exchange of information regarding the protection of the entire population of the country and its territories from emergency situations, ensuring full fire safety;
- propaganda of knowledge regarding the protection of the entire population of the country and its territories in case of emergency;
- organization of the formation, placement, storage, timely replenishment of existing reserves necessary for liquidation of the consequences caused by emergency.
2. High alert (existing threat of emergencies):
- strengthening control over changes in the state of the environment, predicting the onset and the degree of damage from emergencies;
- the continuous process of collecting, processing and transmitting information about predicted emergencies to the RSES forces and management bodies, informing citizens about protection methods and techniques in these cases;
- quick response (prevention of the onset and development of emergencies);
- clarification of plans and other documents regarding the prevention and elimination of consequences caused by emergency situations;
- carrying out (if deemed necessary) evacuation measures.
3. An emergency (emergency and its emergency response):
- continuous monitoring of the current state of the environment, forecasting the degree of threat;
- warning citizens and managers about emergency situations;
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