Design and construction of buildings, regardless of their purpose, is carried out in accordance with technical standards. In the standardized code of rules (SP), there are special requirements for the implementation of the structural part, cladding, communication support, etc.
A special place is occupied by the direction of the protection of the premises from cold and waterlogging. Natural regulation of the microclimate is achieved only in the conditions of properly arranged ceilings, insulation barriers and ducts. This ensures thermal protection of buildings, as well as regulation of humidity without the use of special equipment.
Regulations
The development of documentation with the rules governing the standards for ensuring conditions for an optimal microclimate is carried out by an authorized technical committee. Today, the set of rules acts not only as a design recommendation, but can also be used in relation to houses under construction and reconstruction.
According to the purpose, it is possible to distinguish industrial, cultural, social and residential facilities for which thermal protection of buildings is required. The updated version of SNiP 23-02-2003 also applies to warehouse and agricultural buildings, the area of which is more than 50 m 2 . With regard to such objects, regulation of the temperature-humidity regime is especially important.
In the design process, specialists should be guided by rules aimed at ensuring the technical reliability of structures. At the same time, the requirements for wear resistance and strength should not contradict the regulatory parameters of thermoregulation. For this, special building materials with optimal throughput, hygroscopicity and thermal insulation are used. The ultimate goal of providing thermal protection is the prevention of the risks of waterlogging of structures, energy efficiency of rooms and optimal regulation of the temperature-air environment.
Thermal Shell Requirements
The main protective barrier is determined by the level of natural resistance of structures to heat transfer. Fencing and internal surfaces should provide specific characteristics in terms that are no less than normative. Moreover, the specific values of thermal protection are calculated based on the climate of the region of construction, the purpose of the building and the conditions of its operation.
For a comprehensive assessment of the optimal security coefficient, a set of characteristics is used, including heat transfer resistance, and operating parameters of heating systems, as well as thermal energy consumption for ventilation and heating. As for the purpose of the facilities, the requirements change dramatically during the transition from industrial buildings to children’s and medical and preventive. In the first case, thermal protection will have an average coefficient of 2-2.5 (m2 · ° C) / W, and in the second - of the order of 4 (m2 · ° C) / W.
Sanitary requirements
Temperature indirectly affects indoor hygiene. Therefore, the values of microclimatic indicators are calculated from the point of view of sanitary and environmental safety in the building.
On the inner surfaces of the fences, the temperature regime should be below the dew point relative to indoor air. In this case, the minimum temperature level on the internal surfaces of the glazing as applied to non-production facilities is at least 3 ° C. For industrial buildings, the same indicator is 0 ° C. The rules for ensuring thermal protection of buildings and structures of SNiP also determine the optimal coefficient of relative humidity:
- For residential premises, hospitals and orphanages - 55%.
- For the kitchen - 60%.
- For the bathroom - 65%.
- For attics and attics - 55%.
- For basements and niches with underground communications - 75%.
- For public buildings - 50%.
Heat Resistance Requirements
The lower the temperature fluctuations in the area of placement of structures, the more stable the microclimate will be provided in the room. This characteristic should be understood as the property of the fence to maintain temperature stability in the conditions of fluctuations when passing through floors. In other words, the requirement boils down to normalizing the heat absorption of the material, taking into account the potentially high amplitude of the oscillation of heat fluxes. For example, thermal protection of buildings provided with lightweight enclosing structures provides for additional insulation with small values of amplitude attenuation.
Such a barrier is actively cooled in the conditions of disconnected heating and quickly warms up in contact with sunlight. Therefore, in cold regions, the requirements for fencing and the index of resistance to heat transfer, and to optimal heat resistance increase as well.
Protection against waterlogging of structures
If, in the case of temperature control, the specific heat transfer coefficient is used, then the optimum humidity is calculated by taking into account the vapor permeability. This applies to the upper layers of structures, for which an individual mechanism for ensuring moisture transfer is provided.
The standards for thermal protection of buildings and structures of the joint venture in version 50.13330 dated 2012, in particular, recommend the use of mineral insulators, membrane fiber films, polyurethane foam, as well as slag and expanded clay backfill to normalize vapor permeability.
Building Energy Efficiency
Among the main tasks in the package of measures to ensure the optimal microclimate is the goal of optimizing heating costs. Specifically, in order to support energy efficiency, it is recommended to carry out the following activities:
- Creation of individual thermal stations, which will reduce the cost of hot water.
- Use of automated climate equipment controls. In particular, thermal protection of buildings and structures will be more effective if the boilers and compact heaters are supported by modern temperature regulators and sensors for monitoring operating parameters.
- Sound management of the lighting system also contributes to building energy efficiency. In this part, you can use motion detectors, programmable timers, and other lighting automation equipment.
Conclusion
The basics of heat resistance are laid at the stage of project creation. Specialists select the most acceptable materials for thermal insulation of structures and, in general, support a comfortable microclimate. But even during the operation of the facility, thermal protection can be improved and adjusted. For this, additional insulation means are used, including those integrated into the building envelope. Especially popular are multifunctional materials that simultaneously provide the functions of thermal, humidity and steam protection.