A competency-based approach to education involves the use of certain methods and pedagogical approaches. The term began to be used only after a significant modernization of domestic science. Currently, serious scientific, methodological and theoretical works have appeared that analyze the problems of forming key competencies. For example, such a manual can be considered a monograph by A. V. Khutorsky “Didactic Eureka”, as well as the author’s methodology of L. F. Ivanova, aimed at modernizing education in primary, basic, high school.
Distinctive features
The competency-based approach in education is a set of principles for determining the goal, selecting content, organizing the educational process, and evaluating universal results. Among them are:
- the development in schoolchildren of an independent solution to the problem in different areas and options based on the application of their own social experience;
- adaptation of didactic and social experience in solving philosophical, political, moral, cognitive problems.
A competency-based approach in education involves the assessment of educational skills by analyzing the level of education achieved by students at a particular stage of training.
Educational innovation
To consider such an approach, it is important to raise issues related to the modernization of Russian education.
The problem of the competency-based approach in education was considered as early as the 20th century, but this innovative concept came into practice only in the 21st century.
Due to the accelerated pace of development of society, kindergartens and schools were forced to change the specifics of their activities.
In educational institutions began to develop mobility, constructiveness, dynamism in the younger generation of Russians.
The structure of schools and preschool educational institutions has changed significantly after the introduction of GEF.
Labor market specifics
The competency-based approach to education appeared after a detailed study of the situation in the modern market in relation to the employee.
The concept of a “good employee” includes not only professional training, but also the ability to make independent decisions and initiative.
The employee must have psychological stability, readiness for stress, overload, the ability to get out of difficult life situations.
Goal of innovation
In order to satisfy the needs of society, preparation for full socialization should begin with a preschool, continue at school at all levels of education.
Such a process should not be limited to the assimilation of the necessary number of political and economic concepts by children.
The purpose of the competency-based approach in preschool education is to develop skills for the effective application of skills and mobility in modern realities.
Recently, among the changes that have affected schools, we also single out informatization.
The implementation of the competency-based approach in education presupposes the creation of certain conditions for unhindered access to information. This leads to the school losing its monopoly position in the field of educational knowledge.
With unlimited access to various information, those guys who will be able to find the required information in the shortest possible time and use it to solve the task assigned to them will benefit.
The school has always tried to respond to the changes that are taking place in society. A similar reaction was expressed in making changes to the curriculum, in improving the curriculum.
For example, the program introduced practical training, the course "Ethics and Psychology of Family Life", initial military training, an additional hour of physical education, computer science, life safety. A similar approach is aimed at the extensive path of development of an educational institution, which is a dead end, since the time resources allocated for training are very limited.
It is impossible to achieve new educational results that meet the needs of the development of society, only increasing the amount of knowledge, changing the content of individual subjects.
To achieve the desired results, it is important to find another way - to change the nature of the relationships and relationships between different academic disciplines.
Distinctive features
A competency-based approach in modern education is a way of focusing on the ability to apply the acquired knowledge. The goals of education are described in special terms that reflect the new opportunities of students, reflect their personal growth. As the "final results" of education, the formed key competencies are considered.
The meaning of the term
Translated from Latin, “competence” means a range of issues in which a person has a certain experience, knowledge.
A competency-based approach to education is a person’s ability to act clearly and efficiently in an uncertain situation. We highlight its main characteristics:
- scope of activity;
- the degree of uncertainty of the situation;
- option to choose a method of action;
- the rationale for the method.
The level of education can be judged by the field of activity, the number of situations in which the student will have the opportunity to show his independence.
Key competencies
The goal of the school was the formation of key competencies that will allow the student to respond to the slightest changes in the modern world. Here are some of them:
- it is about the ability to act effectively not only in the educational, but also in other areas of activity;
- behavior in situations where self-expression is necessary;
- solving issues that are relevant for students.
The competency-based approach in higher education allows you to coordinate the expectations of students and teachers. Determining the learning objectives from the perspective of this method involves a description of such opportunities, thanks to which the children master the skills in the framework of educational activities.
Pedagogical task
A competency-based approach as the basis of education is a way of highlighting the goal of cognitive activity. It allows the teacher to choose the necessary sources of information, determine how to achieve the goal, evaluate the results obtained, organize their activities, and collaborate with other students.
The goals of the competency-based approach in education fully satisfy the requirements of the second generation of GEF. He managed to show his effectiveness and efficiency at different levels of training.
Objectives of the approach
The modernization of Russian science posed new challenges for educators, which are helped by a competency-based approach. In vocational education, the ideas of this approach contribute to the successful solution of the following tasks:
- consider cognitive problems;
- to orient the younger generation in the basic problems of modern life: political, environmental, analytical;
- navigate the world of spiritual values;
- solve problems related to the implementation of social roles: consumer, citizen, organizer, voter;
- develop communication skills.
Key competencies are understood as universal options of activity, the development of which gives a person the opportunity to perceive the situation and achieve specific results in professional and personal life within the framework of a separate society.
Preschool education
The main goal of the competency-based approach in preschool education is to instill in children the initial communicative skills. The end result of such developmental activities will be not only the ability to solve standard tasks, act on a specific algorithm, but also mastery of key competencies.
The purpose of the competency-based approach in preschool education is to develop a creative, active personality, capable of making serious and timely decisions.
Among the features of the modern education system, we highlight:
- openness, the ability to quantitatively and qualitatively enrich and transform;
- the formation of variable forms of preschool education as a condition for increasing accessibility and quality;
- preference is given to individual work and group classes;
- the relationship between children and teachers is partnership, the teacher takes into account the age and individual characteristics of the kids;
- application of modern information and computer technologies as a means of modernizing the development process.
To work with parents, the teacher uses various forms of work: seminars, conferences, interest clubs. For the widespread communication of children with peers and adults in preschool education, a new educational paradigm has appeared.
The relevance of this approach to the formation of key competencies in preschool children consists not only in their assimilation of certain skills, abilities, knowledge, but also in their personal development.
GEF of the new generation provides for five different educational areas of development:
- speech;
- cognitive;
- socio-communicative;
- artistic and aesthetic;
- physical.
To acquire the necessary competencies for children of preschool age, teachers should systematically improve their professional training:
- attend various trainings;
- carry out methodological activities;
- take an active part in seminars, master classes;
- take computer literacy courses.
The competency-based approach in vocational education helps the DOE to fully fulfill the social order, to educate key competencies, and monitor the dynamics of the child's development.
Studies show that teachers who use the competency-based approach in their professional activities are more successful and achieve high results.
Various factors influence pedagogical goals: didactic and methodological materials, certification system for teachers and students; teacher qualifications.
In addition to the educational task, a developmental and educational function is put forward as general goals that are set in the educational field.
The educational field includes not only the direct educational process, but also additional (extracurricular) education aimed at introducing theoretical skills into practical activities.
In the structure of the objectives of the subject, several main components can be noted:
- assimilation of knowledge;
- development of skills;
- relationship building;
- development of students' creative abilities.
This structure fully complies with the new federal educational standards.
From the point of view of the competency-based approach, in order to determine the goals of a subject, you first need to select its content, find out why a specific subject is needed, and only then proceed with the selection of content, in the development of which you can count on obtaining the desired result.
The first group of goals of any subject is the goals that determine the direction of movement. They are associated with the formation of value guidelines, worldviews, the formation of needs, the development of interests. The student gets the opportunity to build his own educational path for himself, to engage in self-education.
The second group of goals is related to upbringing outside of studies, the following groups are supposed:
- model meta-subject results (the formation of communicative, general educational skills and competencies);
- goals identified within the subject;
- focus on vocational guidance of students;
- contribute to the development of general cultural competence of students.
Conclusion
Any educational program of a school cannot focus only on programs in specific academic disciplines. As part of the competency-based approach, a complex structure is used, including not only curricula, but also serious extracurricular activities. In each educational institution, elective and optional courses are created taking into account the interests of students and their parents.
A similar approach to understanding the essence of the educational program contributed to the emergence of integrated programs designed for the harmonious development of the individual.
Special subject programs that focus on the achievement of other educational results. They are designed not only for the level of preschool or school education. The essence of the approach used in their development is that each program allows you to solve pressing problems, to form key educational competencies in schoolchildren and preschoolers.
The programs indicate the key competencies for which they are developed, educational subjects, types of practical and cognitive activities.
According to such programs, the teacher works in the classroom, after school hours, reaches the desired meta-subject result.
Their content should correspond to the requests of children, satisfy the needs of parents. The development of such subject programs is one of the priority areas of innovative activity of educational institutions, since the content of such programs takes into account the specifics of a particular school: the composition of students, the social environment, and the potential of teachers.
Within the framework of the new federal educational standards, it is precisely the competency-based approach that has become an excellent way to form a creative person with an active civic position.
In a preschool, educators, as part of a competency-based approach, develop story and role-playing games for children, offer them a variety of activities that contribute to the formation of key competencies. Such activities comply with the requirements of GEF. A competency-based approach to education is an option for forming a citizen and patriot.