Considering the preposition as part of speech, it should be noted that this is a service word. It expresses the dependence of pronouns or nouns on other words in a sentence or phrase.
Why do we need an excuse?
It may seem that prepositions, which in essence are separated from the context and do not communicate anything, are absolutely not needed in speech. However, it is worth trying to remove these small words from the conversation, as the connection in the sentence is broken. The phrase will simply crumble, like beads on a torn thread, into individual components! And to affirm the fact that prepositions do not carry any information, at least ridiculous. For example, the sentence "The hospital is ... a bridge" without this non-self-contained part of speech absolutely does not carry information. After all, the hospital, based on the incomplete information received due to the lack of an excuse, can be located both under the bridge and behind the bridge . So, especially if the bridge is quite large, this incomplete indication can serve poor service. And the reason for the error will be that the sentence is missing an excuse. What part of speech makes the speech more informative, provides a link between words in a sentence? Already in the elementary grades, students know the answer to this question. This is an excuse. As part of speech, it is not independent, but without it, a verb cannot be combined with nouns and pronouns in some cases.
Link words in a sentence
Nouns and pronouns to which the preposition refers tend. The preposition as a service part of speech is included in the question, which establishes the type of connection between words. For example, in the sentence âNikolai was fishing on the riverâ, the relationship between the verb âfishingâ and the noun âon the riverâ is traced. The relationship between them is defined as follows: fishing (where?) On the river or fishing (what?) On the river . And in the sentence "He put the fish in the cage" with the help of the question, you can establish the following design: put (where?) In the cage or put (what?) In the cage . Defining the terms of the sentence, the preposition is attributed to the noun. And he is also part of the question, which is asked to a minor member of the proposal. Thus, a preposition as a service part of speech cannot appear in a sentence as a member of a sentence, you cannot ask a question to it, it is not used separately from a noun or pronoun.
Spatial relationships that express prepositions
In each individual case, the connection between words is provided by a change in the forms of nouns. Each case is governed by certain prepositions. Examples: running along a track, running near a track . That is, if the word is used in the instrumental case, then the service part of the speech âsâ, âunderâ, âaboveâ, ânearâ and others is used. In different situations, the meaning of prepositions varies. There are spatial semantic relations between the members of the sentence: "Girls happily practiced on the crossbar." The preposition is included in the case question: they were engaged (on what?) On the crossbar , where the preposition âonâ is included in the case question itself. Although it is possible to present this design in this way: we practiced (where?) On the crossbar .
Prepositional relationship
In the sentence âIt was already late in the eveningâ, you can establish a connection using the case question: was (when?) In the evening . And in the sentence âValentina returned home at half-past fourâ, temporary relations are established by the question: she returned (when?) At half past four . Such a connection as management in a phrase provides an excuse. The independent part of speech - the noun "half" - in this context can be used with the word "in." But if you use the preposition "about", then the very meaning of the statement will change, and the case, in which the word will depend on the verb. Indeed, the phrase "Valentine returned home at about half past four" is different from the original version. And the preposition "about" will put the noun in the genitive case instead of the prepositional, as it was in the first embodiment.
Object semantic relations expressed by a preposition
In the sentence âIn a note they wrote about a young cyclist who came to the finish line firstâ there is a connection between the words: they wrote (about whom?) About a cyclist . In the phrase, the preposition as part of speech establishes an object relationship between verbs and a noun. In the phrase, the predicate controls the complement in the prepositional case.
Object relations are also manifested when using the preposition "y" - "The athlete had a rather bright outfit." Here the connection is due to the statement of the noun in the genitive case: was (with whom?) The athlete . There is an option to use the preposition âoverâ when stating a controlled word in a prepositional case. Example: "The guys laughed out loud at a friend who fell into the mud." In this embodiment, object relations are noted in the phrase laughing (over whom?) Over the fallen . Here, the object is not a noun, but a participle, which is a complement and does not have a definable word. One can observe the use in this form of semantic relations of the preposition "from". For example, this can be seen in the example of the phrase âCyclists were recruited from children who live in the fifth microdistrictâ, where a similar connection is shown in the phrase typed (from whom?) From children .
The semantic relations of the course of action expressed by the preposition
Considering the sentence âThe guys enjoyed watching the camelâ, we can establish a connection between the predicate and the complement. It will look like this: watched (how?) With pleasure or watched (with what feeling?) With pleasure . The meaning of prepositions in phrases is great, since a verb can only control a dependent word if the noun is put into the desired case.
Relationships of the mode of action may appear when using other prepositions.
Causal semantic relations expressed by a preposition
In the sentence âBecause of her love for animals, Tanyusha made a real living corner at home where the guinea pig family livedâ, the verb âarrangedâ controls the noun âout of loveâ. The connection of management is established using a question (because of what?) And looks like this: arranged (because of what? Why?) Because of love .
Causal semantic relationships can be established using the preposition "from". For example, in the sentence âRabbit trembled with fearâ in the phrase â tremblingâ (why? Why?) From fear, the noun is in the genitive case. Causal relationships may also arise when using the service part of the speech âwhenâ. For example, in the sentence âIn case of a sunburn, special ointments should be usedâ in the phrase â apply (for what reason?) For a burn, the connection is established using the prepositionâ with â. More often than not, a verb-driven word fulfills the role of circumstance. Causal relationships are sometimes established using the preposition "by". For example: "I was not at work due to illness." There is a connection management in the phrase was not (why?) For a reason that demonstrates a causal relationship.
Target semantic relationships expressed by preposition
In the sentence âNatalya was engaged in floriculture for her own pleasureâ, the verb âwas engagedâ controls the noun âfor pleasureâ with the help of a question (why? For what?). Between these words, target semantic relationships are established.
A similar connection can be traced in the use case of other prepositions, for example, such is the "s". An example of this can be the sentence: âVictoria bought a laptop with the purpose of using it for work,â where the target relationship is traced twice: bought (why? For what?) For the purpose and use (how? For what?) For work . In the first case, the control connection is determined using the preposition "c", and in the second there is already considered option with "for".
Non-derivative and derivative prepositions
The origin of these service words allows us to divide them into two large groups. Non-derivative prepositions include those that were not derived from other parts of speech. These are through, in, on, before, without, between, for, above, below and others. Derivatives appeared due to the transition of independent parts of speech into prepositions. They were formed from adverbs, adverbs and nouns.
- For example, such derivative prepositions in the Russian language are known, as in the case, under the condition, in view of, with the help of, as a result . They appeared by moving to another part of speech from nouns.
- Familiar pretexts are words that appear from adverbs. For example, such will be the words after, along, past, about, far from, towards .
- By transferring the participles into prepositions, there appeared such as not counting, starting with, despite, after a while, the weather.
Simple prepositions - separation of their composition
Representatives of this official part of speech are divided into two groups according to the principle of the number of words included in it. So, for example, they single out simple prepositions, consisting of one word: between, in, on, out, under, near . Examples of their use are the sentences:
- Crocodiles are grown on special farms.
- Luxurious handbags, belts, shoes are then made of these reptiles.
In the first case, the connection of management is traced in the phrase grow (where? What?) On farms using the preposition "on". Between words there is a spatial relationship. In the second version, you can see the control of the verb - a noun in the form of participle is made (of whom?) Of reptiles using the preposition "of". These relationships are characterized as objective.
Prepositions are complex
Complicated prepositions consist of two or three words. For example, such will be in connection with, despite, in contrast to others. Examples of their use:
- Despite the deteriorating vision, Natalia continued to sit at night for checking notebooks.
- In connection with the onset of fifty-five years, Maria went to the city with the aim of applying for a pension.
- Unlike the rich daughters of the merchant Malakhov, Nastasya had neither a dowry nor a future.
Thus, we can conclude that the preposition as part of speech cannot be used without other words - nouns, participles, adjectives. Also, they cannot be members of the proposal; they cannot be asked a question. However, being the official part of speech, prepositions play an important role in the sentence.