From childhood, we learn to put words into sentences. First, simple, then complex. At school, children are told what the sentences are made of, in what order words and punctuation marks are arranged. But the proposals are formed not just like that, but always for some purpose, that is, the proposal has the goal of expression. How do sentences for the purpose of the statement differ? How to see and distinguish them? This article will help to figure it out.
What is the purpose of a statement in Russian?
From childhood, the child learns to compose words in sentences, gradually complicating them, but each sentence always carries a certain meaning.
This is either a request, or a question, or just a story about something that happened. What is the purpose of a statement in Russian? In fact, this is what a proposal is being drawn up for.
Kinds
Since expressions are compiled for a specific purpose and to achieve any result, sentences are divided into types according to the purpose of the statement. Although theoretically this may seem difficult, children learn everything in practice in a very short time, even if no one explains the rules to them.
The first is narrative sentences, the second is interrogative and the third is incentive. How do they differ and how to use them?
Narrative Suggestions
Narrative sentences state any facts. We can say that this type of proposal for the purpose of the statement helps to talk about various events, phenomena.
With the help of narrative sentences, you can tell how the day went, share plans, impressions, etc. But to understand what the purpose of the statement is, it is better to use specific examples:
- Today was a wonderful day. We went to the cinema, bought ice cream and walked in the park. Hopefully next weekend will be just as wonderful.
This example simply talks about how the day went, that is, certain facts are reported.
Incentive offers
Motivational offers are used when you need to ask for something, call for something, order, etc.
That is, to induce another person to some action. Examples:
- Call me for the latest news.
- Come visit, we will discuss everything.
From these examples, it is clear that the speaker calls his listener to certain actions: to call, to visit. That is, it encourages you to accomplish something.
Interrogative sentences
Most likely, the meaning of this type of proposal becomes clear from the name. Interrogative sentences are used when you need to get certain information.
It is worth noting that the question can also be rhetorical, that is, not require an answer and used only as a means of expression. Examples of interrogative sentences:
- How are you?
- What's new?
- Do you want to take a walk tomorrow night?
Emotional Suggestions
Having figured out what the purpose of the utterance is, one should go on to intonation. When a child learns to make sentences, he also learns the intonation with which to pronounce them. Intonation is how our voice sounds. Its volume increases or decreases, words are highlighted, accented or pronounced neutrally. You can take one sentence and read it in completely different ways. Often, the meaning of the sentence also depends on the change in intonation. By intonation, sentences are divided into two large groups: exclamation and non-exclamation.
Exclamation points
Exclamation sentences are distinguished by the fact that they are pronounced with a special feeling, strong emotions. Often in exclamatory sentences, adverbs, interjections, and pronouns are used to enhance emotional coloring. Compare:
- Yes, beautiful.
- Ah, what a beauty! Just unbelieveble!
The first sentence can be read neutrally, in one intonation. Reading others, I already want to raise my voice, put more feelings and emotions into it to convey this admiration. Exclamations can also be narrative sentences, both incentive and interrogative.
Non-exclamatory
If, when pronouncing exclamatory sentences out loud, you need to put a certain force and emotions into your voice, then non-exclamatory sentences should sound rather calm and neutral. This type of sentence lacks obvious emotional stain:
- The book is interesting, I quickly read it.
Intonation
It is also worth remembering that the intonation and purpose of the utterance are phenomena that are very closely related and affect each other. There is no clear word order in Russian. We can rearrange the words, change their places, but the meaning of the sentence will still be clear. Therefore, the interrogative sentence can be read as a narrative, but then what distinguishes them? Intonation! It is with the help of intonation in oral speech that a listener can distinguish whether a question has been asked, is he addressed to him or is it just a message of some information. Compare:
- You called me today. (Statement, fact).
- Did you call me today? (Question to be answered).
It is clear that such sentences for the purpose of utterance are completely different, although they consist of the same words. They will be read in different ways, and the emphasis will fall on different words.
Thus, intonation is an alternation of raising and lowering the voice, the allocation of any words with the help of intonation stress, a certain rhythm, pause. Without different intonations, speech will be faceless, and the meaning of the sentences is incomprehensible. Intonation not only decorates speech, but also helps convey the meaning of sentences.
Even the usual praise of "well done" can be read in very different ways. For instance:
- Well done! It turned out great!
This can be said with sincere joy for someone's success. That will be the direct meaning. And you can read with a share of irony, bearing in mind not successes at all, but their absence:
- Well done! It turned out great!
Intonation plays a significant role in irony, because most often, without certain changes in the voice, irony is very difficult to catch.
Intonation is not always smooth. It can rise or fall. Narrative sentences often have ascending-descending intonation. By the middle of the tone increases, and by the end of the sentence decreases. In interrogative sentences, intonation can be completely different, everything will depend only on which word gives logical emphasis, that is, which word is emphasized. In incentive sentences, most often intonation rises at the end. Especially if an incentive offer expresses not just a request, but an order.
Punctuation marks in different types of sentences
Having understood what the purpose of utterance and intonation is and how they affect each other, we can move on to the peculiarities of the punctuation.
The purpose of the statement and intonation determine what punctuation mark will be at the end of the sentence. In narrative and incentive sentences with a lack of bright emotional coloring, a period is put at the end. Such sentences are read with smooth and calm intonation, without a sharp increase and decrease in voice. An exclamation mark may be at the end of narrative, incentive, and even interrogative sentences. In the first two cases, one exclamation point is put at the end of the sentence, and the sentence itself takes on a certain emotional connotation. In the third case, since the sentence is interrogative for the purpose of the statement, the question mark will be considered the main one and will come first, followed by an exclamation mark, adding a certain emotional connotation to the question.
Punctuation marks can stand not only at the end, but also in the middle of a sentence. For example, you can see an exclamation point, enclosed in brackets and standing in the middle of the sentence. In this case, he selects a word, shows its significance, puts emphasis on it, therefore it is necessary to read such a sentence with the corresponding intonation, highlighting the marked word. In brackets in the middle of the sentence, there may also be a question mark. In this case, he questions some word. When reading this also needs to be noted.
So, all kinds of complex and simple sentences for the purpose of utterance can be narrative, incentive and interrogative. In terms of emotional coloring - exclamation and non-exclamation. And also sentences differ in intonation. Which type to choose will depend on the purpose for which the text is compiled and what impression it should make on the listener or reader. On the letter, the features of intonation are marked with punctuation marks, which can be both at the end of the sentence, and in the middle.