Morphemic analysis of a word by composition

For the formation of spelling skills, morphemic word analysis or some linguistic analysis, with the help of which its structure is understood, is very important. Morphemes are the least significant parts of vocabulary units: prefixes, suffixes, roots and endings. And in the article we will consider in detail the procedure for conducting this analysis.

We determine the part of speech

Why is it important? The language has mutable and immutable parts of speech. The first ones, for example, include:

• verbs (coming, being, arriving);
• nouns (Africa, doll, defector);
• adjectives (direct, airy, most important);
• communion (extinct, hollowing, lost);
• ordinal numbers (third, thousandth, millionth).

The second should include:

• service parts of speech (prepositions, interjections, conjunctions, particles);
• adverbs (faster, loud, nearby);
• Communion (counting, running, sitting);
• unshakable nouns (coat, coffee);
• unshakable adjectives (Bordeaux, beige);
• possessive pronouns (her, them).

Morphemic parsing should begin with a separation of the ending. And if before us the part of speech is unchangeable, then it is absent. Then you can immediately proceed to the next stage of linguistic analysis.

Select the ending

This morpheme is responsible for the connection of words in a sentence and is mutable. Depending on the part of speech, it indicates a number, case, gender or person. To isolate the ending, you must change the shape of the word:

• den;
• at the den;
• lair.

In the first case, this is -a; in the second - and; in the third.

The part of the word without ending is the basis, and it is constant. It is necessary to distinguish between the immutable parts of speech and those where this morpheme is simply absent. This phenomenon is called zero ending. Where does it meet?

Morphemic analysis allows you to highlight the most common cases:

• The masculine and feminine nouns in the nominative singular (snow - snow; joy - joy).
• In short participles and adjectives of the masculine gender, singular, standing in the nominative case (withdrawn, honest).
• Some numerals in the nominative case (twelve, one).
• Some nouns in the plural genitive (stocking, footcloths).
• In possessive masculine adjectives, if they are used in the singular and nominative case (sisters, mother's).
• Verbs of conditional mood, if they are used in the singular and the past tense (walked, would get lost).

Please note: the soft sign at the end of words in all these cases plays the role of softening the consonant and is not the end.

Root of the word

Having identified the basis of the word, which is responsible for the lexical meaning of the latter, it is necessary to isolate the root. To do this, you should choose related words with a similar meaning.

Let us demonstrate this with the example of the noun "submariner". Morphemic analysis of a word by composition requires finding a root. We are looking for suitable options: water, water, water, watery, plumbing. Select the root -water-.

However, homonyms should be distinguished. For comparison, consider a similar root, which carries a completely different semantic load in words: driver, drives, supply.

It is in this morpheme that one can detect a phenomenon called alternation. This should also be noted. Here are some examples:

• alternating vowels (select - select);
• alternation of consonants (run-run);
• the simultaneous alternation of both vowels and consonants (pave - pave).

Please note: there are complex words where you can find more than one root. Examples of such lexical units are given just above.

Select suffix

The morpheme responsible for the formation of words is after the root. You should know that there are lexical units where there are two suffixes, or where it does not exist at all.

An example of the first case can be nouns formed from adjectives. They were already based on a suffix, and morphemic analysis helps to identify this:

• guilty - guilty (root -vine-, suffixes: -n-, -ost-);
• rainy - rainy (root-rain-, suffixes: -live-, -ost-).

Consider the second case. This is more common:

• verbs of conditional mood in the form of the past tense (coast, skidded);
• in feminine nouns in the nominative case, formed from adjectives (blue);
• verbal masculine nouns in the nominative case (running).

We are looking for a prefix

In front of the root is the morpheme, also responsible for the formation of new words and called the prefix. It can make additional sense to the existing one. For example: driving - moving out. An indication of the direction of travel appears. In this example, it is down.

Morphemic analysis, examples of which are given below, allows you to select not one, but several prefixes. Example: great-great-grandfather, dimensionless, dimensionless, ultra-modern.

To summarize: parsing plan, example

Perform morphemic analysis at school - this means not only highlighting the significant parts of the word, but also marking them graphically. In the first picture you can see the requirements for the designation of morphemes: the ending is a square, the top is highlighted in a semicircle, the suffix is ​​a broken line, and the prefix is ​​a straight line. The base of the word is underlined below.

So, we will repeat the analysis plan using the example of the word "seaside":

Pre-determine the part of speech. Before us is an adjective. It is easy to change it by numbers, cases and childbirth, which we could see during the analysis.