From our article you will learn what goosebumps are. How is it formed, and under what conditions does this effect stop? Let's figure it out together.
How goose bumps are formed: biology (Grade 8)
Many have noticed this phenomenon. To understand how goose bumps are formed, you first need to recall the structural features of this organ. This structure, which is studied in the course of biology of grade 8, consists of three layers. External is represented by the epidermis. In turn, it distinguishes between the superficial stratum corneum and the deeper germ layer. The first is a collection of keratinized cells that are continuously exfoliated. But at the same time, the skin does not become thinner. It is restored due to the germ layer, the cells of which are constantly dividing.
Under the epidermis is the dermis, or the skin itself. It is formed by connective tissue. It is here that the most important skin elements are concentrated. These include elastic and collagen fibers, various types of receptors, sweat and sebaceous glands. The dermis also contains hair follicles, each of which is connected to the muscle that lifts it.
The inner layer is represented by subcutaneous fat. It consists of connective tissue bundles between which fat cells are scattered. This layer is a kind of reserve, as well as protection against low temperatures and mechanical damage.
Goosebumps
Surely each of us was in a state of which we can say this: "Already the hair stood on end ." And this is not in a figurative sense. In a state of intense emotional arousal , the muscles that connect to the hair follicles of the dermis contract. This can happen when a person experiences fear and joy, horror and delight - any bright emotions. As a result, the hair and skin around them are lifted. In colloquial talk about this effect they also say "goosebumps ran."
Pilomotor reflex
How do goose bumps form? Biology considers this reaction as a pilomotor reflex. Its essence lies in the fact that in response to emotional arousal, exposure to the skin surface with cold or a mechanical stimulus, smooth muscle fibers contract, raising the hairs on the human skin. This reaction is innate, therefore it occurs unconsciously, that is, subconsciously. One can only imagine how a nail cuts glass or recall a long-lived accident, how "naughty goose bumps" will run across the skin.
The scale of the pilomotor reflex, or pilo erection, indicates the state of functioning of the human nervous system. If "pimples" covers only the area at the site of irritation, then the reflex is normal. With increased excitability and mobility of the nervous system, the effect of goose bumps spreads far beyond its limits. And the lack of reaction is the result of a depressed state.
Etymology of the concept
How goose skin is formed in humans is understandable. And where did this concept come from? The visual manifestation of the pilomotor reflex really resembles the skin of these waterfowl. They have special seals in the epidermis, from which feathers grow. If you pluck them, there will be characteristic ledges. Similar formations involuntarily occur in humans under special conditions. Since characteristic pimples form and disappear quickly enough, they are also compared with the movement of small insects and are called "goose bumps".
Goosebumps as a vestige
The appearance of characteristic tubercles on the skin in response to certain irritations is inherent not only to humans, but also to other representatives of the Mammals class. They are characterized by a dense hairline. Pilomotor reflex in them is one of the protective reactions of the body. During exposure to cold, the hairs of the hair rise. At the same time, air that is warmed up by the surface of the skin is retained at its surface. And the body gets warmer.
In many animals, when there is danger, goose bumps are also observed. How is this effect formed and why is it necessary in a state of fear? Indeed, many have seen cats who hiss at the enemy and bend their backs with their arms raised up. This is also a manifestation of a protective reaction. With raised hair, the animal looks more massive and intimidating. In the course of evolution, man has lost solid hair. Therefore, the pilomotor reflex in his body cannot perform these functions. Thus, it was preserved in man only rudimentarily.
Goosebumps: Causes
But how is goose bumps formed when there are no conditions for the occurrence of this reflex? Sometimes "goosebumps do not run", but are on the epidermis constantly. Such an effect is no longer a natural reaction, but a manifestation of a serious dermatological disease. Doctors call it hyperkeratosis. This can occur due to an increase in the number and violation of the process of exfoliation of the stratum corneum of the epidermis.
Several factors can provoke this deviation from the norm. These include a lack of vitamins, especially groups A, B, C and E. Violation of the rules of personal hygiene can also cause the appearance of non-disappearing "goose bumps" on the skin. But the most dangerous reason for the appearance of these tubercles is a violation of the endocrine system. In any case, if such structures are found, you should immediately contact a dermatologist and undergo an examination.
Disease Control Methods
Goose skin, the causes of which are quite diverse, requires immediate attention to this problem. To get rid of its cosmetic manifestation, it is recommended to use a scrub, exfoliating masks, special creams and peels, and regularly take a contrast shower. These simple procedures not only clean the epidermis of the coarsened areas, but also increase vascular tone and restore blood circulation in the affected area.
Particular attention should be given to nutrition when undesired tubercles occur. Foods rich in vitamins, vegetable oils, sour-milk bacteria are a necessary condition for the fight against hyperkeratosis. Nutritionists recommend including whole grain bread, nuts, sunflower seeds, vegetables, fruits, kefir and yogurt in the diet.
Dermatologist's recommendations
Dermatologists recommend that people who find areas with constant goosebumps first find out the cause of its appearance. Depending on its nature, treatment will be prescribed. If dry skin is caused by its individual characteristics, regular cosmetic procedures and a balanced diet will suffice. In the event of a disruption in the functioning of the internal organs or a hereditary predisposition, medical complex treatment cannot be dispensed with.
So, we figured out the question of how goose bumps are formed. There are two main causes of this effect. In the first case, tubercles are a manifestation of the pilomotor reflex. Its essence lies in the contraction of muscles, which, when exposed to various factors, contract and lift the hair follicles and the skin around them. The appearance of goose bumps in some areas, which does not stop over time, indicates a violation in the body.