If a malfunction or even minimal disturbance occurs in one of the organs or systems of the human body, this can lead to a change in the normal state of the blood. This means that its morphological, protein electrolyte and gas composition can be changed. Such phenomena are commonly called blood pathophysiology.
Such phenomena occur in disorders of the nervous system, kidneys, lungs, endocrine gland and other organs. In this case, the blood ceases to fulfill its basic functions. For example, with lung problems, respiratory function is impaired, that is, oxygen transfer. The process of delivery of nutrients, hormones and other important components to all body tissues is also complicated. Thus, a change in the pathophysiology of blood can also affect protective functions, since the production of antibodies will be complicated.
general information
In the blood, various processes can occur that violate its functional and other features. If a person suffers from a particular pathology, then this leads to the destruction of blood cells. However, in rare situations, changing the composition of a vital fluid is beneficial to a person. In this case, we are talking about blood rejuvenation and pathophysiology, which positively affects a person. However, more often with age or under the influence of other factors, this negatively affects the state of human health.
Blood itself consists of complex elements: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. All these parts are inextricably linked with each other. This means that any pathological processes in the circulatory system cannot be of a strictly isolated type.
If we talk about the functional features of the circulatory system, then, as a rule, it is it that performs the correlative function. Sometimes secondary disorders occur that are the body’s response to certain pathological processes that occur in other organs and systems. For example, in an inflammatory reaction or an infectious process, the immune system is activated. Accordingly, antibodies begin to be produced in the blood. Also, the activation of the circulatory system occurs with a decrease in pressure, a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere, and due to many other factors.
Some drugs can have an adverse effect on the circulatory system. In this case, inhibition of the system and other pathological processes occur. It is also worth considering that blood cells can be exposed to various types of pathogenic agents. They can be attacked by bacteria, viruses, chemicals. This leads not only to the destruction of cells, but also to a violation of their function in the production of antigenic structures.
Most often, the negative causes of changes (pathophysiology of white blood or red) are autoimmune reactions in the human body. Also, the state of these particles is affected by the fact that a person experiences severe blood loss. This can change the total volume of circulating fluid. Sometimes there is a change in the physicochemical properties of blood, pathophysiology changes. Most often, this has a negative effect on the human condition. It is worth considering the most common cases of changes in blood composition. It will also be useful to know how this affects a person.
Change in total blood volume
If you study the literature on the pathophysiology of blood (Schiffman F. J. or other authors), you can find out many interesting facts. For example, that the human body contains about 6-8% of vital fluid. If we talk about the percentage of red blood cells, then, based on the total plasma volume, this indicator is called hematocrit. As a rule, its norm is 36-48%. These data are carefully studied when decoding blood tests and pathophysiology. To obtain clearer information, centrifugation in a special capillary is necessary. With a change in the ratio of red blood cells and plasma, pathological changes occur, which entail serious consequences. It is worth considering the main types of changes in the composition of the blood.
Hypervolemia
In this case, we are talking about the pathophysiology of blood, which consists in a significant increase in the total volume of fluid. There are several types of this disease:
- Simple form. In this case, the cellular elements of the plasma begins to increase in proportion. This pathology may be temporary. Most often this happens after a blood transfusion and with very strong physical exertion. In this case, tissue fluid may enter the vascular bed.
- Hypervolemia, aligocetemic check. In this case, an increase in the total blood volume is also recorded, however, due to its liquid part. In this case, a decrease in the hematocrit value is observed. A similar condition can be triggered by diseases, in the process of swelling and after a person has undergone a procedure in which physiological saline was injected. This is not such a safe procedure as it might seem at first glance. It is worth paying attention that if an animal is injected with a large amount of saline, it can even provoke a fatal outcome. This does not have such an effect on the human body, but it affects the blood circulation process. This leads to stagnation in a small circle. In addition, such a development of hypoglycemia can lead to anemia, cachexia and other pathologies in which there is a decrease in the volume of red blood cells. With such a pathophysiology of red blood, there is no danger of death, but the condition must be kept under control.
- Polycetimic. In this case, a significant increase in the amount of blood is due to red blood cells. Moreover, such a pathophysiology of red blood is compensatory in nature. For example, similar problems can occur in those who live in the highlands or in people suffering from heart defects. In addition, such pathologies can cause malignant disease of the human circulatory system. As a rule, when this ailment occurs, the blood volume can exceed the norm even 2 times. This is due to the predominance of red blood cells. In the process of research, a general analysis of the pathophysiology of blood shows a strong increase in hematocrit. In medical practice, many experiments have been conducted on animals. During the tests, it was possible to establish that with an increase in the total blood volume by 100%, serious pathological signs were not observed. If the amount of vital fluid is increased by 150% or more, then this can provoke serious disorders, due to which there is an overstretching of blood vessels. This leads to a drop in their tone. In addition, in such a situation, the permeability of the walls of the vessels decreases. This leads to thickening of the fluid, which is why the work of the cardiovascular system is very difficult.
Hypovolemia
In this case, we are talking about the pathophysiology of blood, which consists in reducing its total volume. If we talk about hypovolemia, then in this case there are also 3 stages of development of this pathology:
- Simple. In this case, plasma and cellular elements are reduced proportionally. As in the first described case, with a simple degree of hypovolemia, the phenomenon may be of a short-term nature. Accordingly, changes in the blood become the result of severe shock. This is due to the fact that a large amount of liquid does not participate in the circulation process. In the study, hematocrit does not change.
- Hypovolemia is aligocetemic. In this case, the amount of blood decreases due to the content of red blood cells. This happens against a background of severe blood loss. This means that much less blood enters the bloodstream and is delivered to body tissues. With a change in the pathophysiology of the red blood system, the hematocrit indices become significantly lower.
- Hypovolemia is polycetic. In this case, a change in blood volume occurs due to fluid loss. In this case, red blood cells remain normal. However, they become larger due to thickening of the liquid. A similar condition can develop against a background of dehydration, for example, if a person suffers from frequent diarrhea or severe vomiting, overheating and intense sweating, as well as after burns.
Blood loss
If vascular injury occurs due to external injuries, then this can cause the development of this ailment. Bleeding can be external or internal. If we talk about the latter category, then this can happen, for example, due to a stomach ulcer, when gastrointestinal bleeding occurs. There are also other varieties of this blood pathophysiology.
If we talk about the main characteristics that accompany blood loss, then in this case it is worth noting a strong change in the volume of circulating fluid. This can lead to hypoxemia and hypoxia in the organs and some tissues of the human body. If we talk about the first pathology, then in this case an adaptive reaction and pathological changes occur. In the second case, there are several signs of a change in the health of the system. This leads to:
- equalization of low blood pressure;
- redistribution of vascular tone;
- release of deposited blood;
- tachycardia;
- coagulation acceleration;
- compensatory shortness of breath and many other symptoms.
If blood loss belongs to the category of non-fatal conditions, then in this case a temporary pathological condition can be provoked. As a rule, it is called anemia. If blood loss is much greater, then decompensation occurs. This means that this pathology of the pathophysiology of blood leads to the fact that the human body suffers from oxygen starvation, which in turn can lead to death.
Features of blood loss
To compensate for blood loss, it is first necessary to equalize blood pressure. If it stays at a level of 70 mm Hg and continues to fall, this can lead to collapse. This means that serious circulatory disorders of the central nervous system will occur. This negatively affects not only the heart, but also on other organs. Because of this, cardiac activity will be worse. Against this background, oxygen delivery to body tissues worsens, metabolic processes are disrupted.
It is also worth considering that from a lack of oxygen, brain cells are more affected. At the first stages, the inhibition of the cortex is beyond the limit . Inhibition gradually develops of the underlying and vital centers, which include the respiratory and vasomotor. It is worth noting that the death from blood loss does not occur due to the lack of a vital fluid, but against the background of the paralysis of the central center. This is what leads to cardiac arrest.
The consequences of blood loss
In this case, everything depends on the volume of fluid and the period for which the human body loses it. This is one of the most important factors determining the patient's condition. If the patient once loses 1/3 or even 1/4 of the total volume of circulating blood, then this can threaten his life. This is due to a sharp drop in pressure and the possible development of hypoxia. If a person simultaneously lost 50% of his blood, then this situation is considered fatal.
When the liquid is removed from the human body slowly, for example, over several days, then in this case there is no need to talk about mortality. This is explained by the fact that compensatory mechanisms manage to start working and develop new cells. This evens out blood pressure, eliminating the risk of hypoxia.
However, in this case there are certain dangers, since it all depends on how quickly the body responds to blood loss and performs compensatory functions. It should be noted that with the greatest caution it is worth treating newborns and infants. They are considered the most sensitive to blood loss. If the baby loses even a minimal part of the fluid, then this can adversely affect the functioning of the nervous system and the cardiovascular system. In addition, hypersensitivity to pathologies of the blood system and pathophysiology of various types is observed in people who are in a state of deep anesthesia, and with hypothermia. Therefore, caution should be exercised. It is necessary to check with a specialist about all possible risks during surgical procedures.
Pathophysiology of the blood coagulation system
In a normal state, these indicators are regulated by neuroendocrine mechanisms. If a person suffers from certain diseases, then the process of interaction of coagulating factors may be disrupted, they slow down. This leads to bleeding. If the analysis of the pathophysiology of blood shows an acceleration of the coagulation of the fluid, then thrombosis may occur.
When slowing down these processes, it is worth paying attention to several signs that affect the development of this pathology. This can occur from a lack of several coagulation factors if the work of natural procoagulants, plasma and platelet components is disrupted. Also, this happens with an excess of heparin.
If a person suffers from disorders associated with blood coagulation, then in this case he may experience long bleeding and even internal hemorrhages.
Thrombocytopenia
When this pathology occurs, a person experiences severe bleeding, which is very difficult to stop. In addition, other blood tasks in pathophysiology may be impaired. It is worth paying attention to the symptoms that cause anxiety. For example, if it’s difficult for a person to stop the bleeding, even after a very minor cut. It is also worth being careful:
- bleeding gums;
- the appearance of frequent bruising;
- a small rash of a specific type on the body (usually most often formed on the legs);
- frequent nosebleeds;
- protracted menstruation in women;
- bloody inclusions in feces and urine.
A person himself can feel completely normal. However, having performed a blood test, the pathophysiology becomes apparent. Thrombocytopenia is dangerous in that it can provoke internal bleeding in any organ of the human body. The worst thing is a brain hemorrhage. However, it should be understood that, like any pathology, this disease cannot occur without reason.
Most often, the development of this disease leads to too difficult the formation of platelets in the blood. Also, their redistribution can provoke this condition. Because of this, there is a strong decrease in platelet concentration in the blood.
The factors that are responsible for the development of this pathology can also include too strong destruction of the blood platelets. You must understand that with a severe form of this pathology, hemorrhagic stroke can occur. Therefore, if even the most insignificant symptoms occur, you should immediately consult a specialist. It is worth studying the literature on the pathophysiology of blood. Schiffman F.J. describes these processes in sufficient detail.
Hemostasis
This pathology can also lead to serious health problems in humans. There are several phases of hemostasis:
- 1st stage. At this stage, the formation of blood clots plate. This means that there are disorders that lead to hemophilia. In addition, changes in immune inhibitors may be observed, coagulation is impaired. A person may develop immunoglobulins, which, as a rule, arise in the human body with the development of rheumatism and other diseases.
- 2 stage. Thrombin is formed in this priod, which provokes disorders and pathologies in the liver. This leads to a decrease in the synthesis of various components. Jaundice, resection of the small intestine, dysbiosis and other diseases can also provoke a similar condition. Often revealed vitamin deficiency. It is also worth considering that vitamin "K" is directly involved in the formation of plasma factors that are responsible for blood coagulation. If a person has a kidney disease, then this component begins to be rapidly excreted along with urine. Also, drug treatment using antibiotics can lead to the second phase of hemostasis. This provokes the formation of plasma factor inhibitors. In addition, hemostasis develops against the background of anaphylactic shock and with an overdose of insulin. In this case, the production of anticoagulant components is also disrupted in the blood.
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When this pathology occurs, the output of leukocytes that enter the bloodstream is accelerated. This can be due to the influence of toxins, tissue breakdown products. The volume of leukopoietins can significantly increase when an inflammatory process occurs, against the background of the development of an infectious disease or severe blood loss. As a rule, the concentration of substances is observed in the kidneys. In order to establish the presence of this pathology, it is necessary to take tests and clarify the number of white blood cells in human blood.
Pathophysiology of impaired lipid transport in the blood
In this case, we are talking about the development of hyperlipoproteinemia. There is a violation of the transport ability of lipids in the human body. Transport hyperlipemia can form against the background of the fact that glycogen depletion occurs in the liver. The reason for this may be the development of diabetes mellitus or starvation. The formation of adrenaline, thyroxine and other components also leads to this. If fatty tissue accumulates outside the tissue of the same name, then this leads to infiltration. With the simultaneous process of protoplasm of these cells dystrophy occurs. This can lead to a decrease in enzymes of the oxidative and hydrolytic categories.
A similar condition can be caused by hepatic lipogenesis. Also, pathology develops against the background of a strong deterioration in oxidative processes in the body. In addition, a condition leads to an ailment when the lipolysis of adipose tissues increases.
If alarming symptoms occur, you should consult a specialist. Only after completing all the necessary tests, the doctor will be able to make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe the most effective therapy or prophylaxis (with temporary manifestations of ailments).