Preposition, union, particle do not relate to independent, but to official parts of speech. This means that they themselves are not able to name either objects, or properties, neither states, nor actions. Sentences can do without them, while they themselves, without the participation of independent parts of speech, cannot form a sentence. However, the role of service words in speech should not be underestimated: prepositions, conjunctions and particles are needed in order to express semantic and formal relations between independent words within sentences. The service parts of speech themselves never act as members of a sentence.
Morphological feature
All conjunctions, particles, prepositions have their own morphological features. Their only morphological characteristic can be called immutability. Now we will consider each of these auxiliary parts of speech in detail.
Pretext
Union, particle combine (first) and add words shades of meaning (second). And the task of the preposition in the sentence or phrase is to connect the words into the correct grammatical constructions. For example: I go to school, play the piano, jumped over the fence, studied for a year, etc.
The composition of the prepositions are of three types.
- Simple: in, on, to, under, above, behind, before, when, before, through, etc.
- Complex: from under, from, etc.
- Compound: for a reason, during, despite, in relation, etc.
By their origin and method of formation, prepositions are derivative, that is, emerging from other parts of speech, and non-derivative.
- Derived prepositions can be formed from adverbs: around, along, near, etc.
- They can appear from the nominal parts of speech: during, in relation to, about, due to, in view of, etc.
- They can also occur from verbs: thanks, later, including others.
Together or separately?
The spelling of prepositions, conjunctions and particles is usually reduced to fused, separate or spelling.
- Together we write the following prepositions:
along, contrary, in view of, like, instead of, due to, about.
- Separately write prepositions:
during, in conclusion, in continuation, with a view to, by force, to the extent of reason.
- We write prepositions with a hyphen:
because of, from under, in.
Semantic links
What relations between significant words can express prepositions? Unions and particles, we note, also have their own service values, which we will discuss below.
Prepositions express such meanings:
- object: miss you, think about us, stood up for him at the meeting;
- spatial: I went outside the country, pass near the theater, I will live in Alaska;
- temporary: I’ll come back in a week, I will find during the day; heavy rains poured over the course of the week;
- target: to fight for an idea, live for the sake of truth, present as a keepsake;
- causal: did not fly away due to bad weather, found thanks to friends, fell behind due to illness;
- definitive: striped pants, a simulator with a timer, fur with undercoat;
- comparative: the size of a marigold, with a face went to the mother, and character - to the father;
- mode of action: laugh through strength, think with tension, watch without much interest.
How to distinguish prepositions from other parts of speech?
Sometimes the service part of speech - an excuse, a union, a particle - may be incorrectly recognized as an independent one. However, there are techniques by which you can clearly differentiate them.
- In order not to confuse the preposition with an adverb, you need to make sure that the noun or pronoun follows it. Compare: A bee flew around a vase of jam / a jam vase stood on a table, a bee flew around.
- The difference between the preposition and the combination of the noun with the preposition will be signaled by the end. In the preposition it is invariable, but in the noun it can change when used with different pretexts: during the season / during the rivers, towards the rivers, from the rivers, over the rivers, etc.
- Despite the preposition, it is similar to the participle, but differs from it in meaning. For example: despite the rain, the match took place / in spite of me, he quickly left the room. The meaning of the first sentence with the pretext: although it was raining, the match was not canceled, it took place. The meaning of the second sentence with the participle: without looking at me, he left the room.
We have found out the main difficulties that the pretext may cause.
Union
A particle as an auxiliary part of speech is capable, for example, of changing the morphological characteristics of words (for example, of creating a verb conditional or imperative). Such a privilege did not go to the union. The task of this service part of speech is only to combine homogeneous members and simple sentences within the complex.
Types of Unions
By structure, unions are simple and compound, and by value - composing and subordinate.
Compositive exist to link homogeneous members and simple equal sentences to each other simple sentences within the complex. They, in turn, are divided into three types.
- Connecting: Brother and sister were alike. We installed the antenna, also specified the coordinates. Bread and porridge are our food.
- Opposing: He went out, but did not close the door. I read, and she listens. And Vaska listens and eats. We did not see Chaliapin, but we heard his voice.
- Separation: Not that evening, not that morning in the yard. Get down to business or leave. I want to know this secret, or I can not sleep at night.
The subordinate unions have a more intricate role - they connect simple ones within the complex sentence, one of which is subordinate to the other. Therefore, this category of unions has several meanings.
- Causal: Got the top five because I knew the lesson well. Due to the fact that the air temperature exceeds the permissible norm, classes at the school are canceled.
- Target: Arseny came to see Katya. In order to raise chickens, skill and care are needed.
- Temporary: Until the fire goes out, we will not die of hunger and cold. As soon as the fog cleared, Gavrila saw the shore. Since you left, we have not looked into this room.
- Conditional: I will do if you help. I’ll come in if you’ll be at home.
- Comparative: He saw all the flaws, as if through a magnifying glass. It was as if the veil was falling from my eyes.
- Explanatory: Our ancestors thought that the earth rests on three pillars.
- Persuasive: He was agile, though small.
- Consequences: You made a choice, so do not be angry.
Features of spelling unions
The spelling of conjunctions (prepositions, particles) follows a general rule - they cannot be confused with constructions that combine the nominal parts of speech with prepositions or particles.
- Unions , too, so that , but we write together: "I was in a hurry to Nina, she was also waiting for a meeting." "He bounced off the fire so as not to burn himself." “It’s more difficult to create, but more honorable.”
- The pronouns with particles are written separately: "It was the same dress in which she played Chopin." “My dear, what would we do without you!” "Take up only the matter in which you understand."
Particle
This service part of speech has two tasks. Firstly, it introduces new shades of meaning into the meaning of a word, and secondly, it forms new forms of words. Therefore, the particles are divided into two categories.
Forming particles enable the verb to be used in the imperative and conditional moods. Let’s say these words, let others be. Examples: “ Let the music break out!” "I would like to see this city."
The semantic particles give different lexical shades to words and sentences. They come in several forms.
- Negative: He was the hero of not my novel. I didn’t mean to offend you.
- Questioners: Did you really know Napoleon? Is it really a cliff?
- Exclamations: What a voice! How nice!
- Indication: This plant has not been watered for a long time. There comes our teacher.
- Clarifying: These are exactly your words. This girl is exactly our Arishka.
- Amplifying: Paul thought about her, because he had loved her for a long time. Even in the days of greatest despair, sparkles of hope glowed in us.
- With a meaning of doubt: The maestro is unlikely to play today.
- Limiting and excretory: And in the estate, there will be expanse to you! It was quiet everywhere, only foliage rustled softly in the grove.
It is important not to confuse the semantic particle -to with the postfix -to, which forms indefinite pronouns. Compare: you and I know who was on the ship (particle). Once you have to start (postfix).
Clarify the details
We focus on whether the particle as exists and how the particle how , the pretext how , the union how . There is no pretext as in Russian, but a particle and a union both have different functions and meaning, since in each case they are different service parts of speech. Examples:
- How nice, how fresh the roses were! (particle with an exclamation of meaning).
- I learned how bitter is slave labor (expository union).
- The kitten was as black as a wax (comparative union).
Let's not confuse them
We found out the role and features of the spelling of service words. The common thing for them is that their use is meaningless without the participation of the nominal parts of speech, so you do not need to interfere in one heap conjunctions, pronouns, particles, prepositions, adverbs and other speech components.