At the end of the last century, when schools were just beginning to use modern technical equipment, teachers and psychologists were already anxious to say that soon instead of a teacher in the classroom there would be a VCR.
On the crisis of the meaning of modern education
Pontius Pilate once asked Christ what is truly truth. And what is education? What are the general cultural competencies in education? Are they limited only to the simple transfer and acquisition of knowledge and skills? At first glance, the answer to the questions is quite obvious, because education is associated with the transfer of experience gained by previous generations to young people.
Some progressive scientists and educators do not agree with this definition. They are convinced that there is a personal paradigm of modern education, focused on the identification and development of individual abilities of the student. General cultural competence should become an environment for the child to move along an individual trajectory.
Minimum educational programs
The new education standards spell out a minimum for each academic discipline, as well as requirements for graduates of grades 4, 9 and 11. We are talking about specific skills and abilities with which the child must move from one level of education to another or leave the walls of his own educational institution. In connection with the introduction of final exams in primary and secondary schools in test mode, teachers have no time to engage in personal orientation, to develop the general cultural competencies of students, it is much more important for them to prepare children for the exam and the exam. Not always the teacher has the mechanisms of personal planning of the learning process, the filing of the same material in different ways for each child. In addition, in the modern school there is the problem of subjectivity in assessing personal educational achievements.
There is a personality-oriented paradigm of modern education, but there is no need to talk about its full implementation in school practice.
The realities of the modern school
The current situation in education is assessed as crisis. Practice and theory of teaching are currently at the stage of transition from a simple transfer of skills and knowledge to the paradigm of “cultivating a developed personality”. Right now, the formation of general cultural competencies is becoming an important task, a necessary condition for the full development of the younger generation.
Features of the current situation
Let's try to find out the situation in education, to understand the causes of problems, to identify options for solving them. In order to translate the paradigm of personality-oriented education from a doctrinal level into a practical form, first teachers themselves must reconsider their general cultural and professional competencies.
The meaning of personal education
This paradigm involves the recognition of the uniqueness of each child, the need to work out an individual educational trajectory. It is in this case that the development of general cultural competencies is expected. Attributes of a student’s personality are knowledge, skills, practical skills, but with a personal approach, they will be different for each student.
About the functions of student-centered learning
Proponents of this educational paradigm are convinced that the development of general cultural professional competencies is possible only with this teaching methodology. The function of the personal approach is to ensure and reflect the system of individual educational achievements of the child. It is assumed not only the formation of ZUN, but also the allocation of educational objects in which the child has the right to self-determination, to obtain additional knowledge, to get acquainted with certain historical and cultural achievements of previous generations. It is in this paradigm that general cultural competence is mentioned. A schoolboy reveals and develops his attitude to various objects of nature and society.
Personal meaning according to A. N. Leontyev
The author of the concept of personal education is convinced that the general cultural competence helps the child to find a motive for self-mastering of knowledge, obtaining new skills. He is convinced that it is precisely the motives that influence the life position and worldview of the child, prompt him to active educational activity. If the ZUN is not connected with real objects to which the student could show a personal meaning, there will be no talk about any personality-oriented education.
Research results in modern pedagogy
General cultural competence is mentioned in the works of many modern educators and psychologists. They are convinced that in the search for the meaning of obtaining knowledge and the selection of teaching methods, certain stages are important:
- The child’s personal creativity in relation to the studied natural or social objects, which are distributed in accordance with different educational fields.
- The student’s awareness of his experience, knowledge that was acquired during the study of cultural objects and values.
- Position, as well as personal attitude to social experience and general cultural knowledge.
The formation of cultural and professional competencies helps the child to realize his own place in society, to strive for self-development and self-improvement. The child has the opportunity to highlight in the basic content of education that part that is necessary for his future life. After the introduction of such an element as competencies, educational standards of the second generation were developed. A GEF student must master knowledge in various fields, only in this case full development is possible.
Content of the term “competency”
Translated from Latin, this term means a list of questions, the answers to which are well known to man. The competence of a person in a certain field implies the possession of appropriate abilities and knowledge, thanks to which he can express his position on the issue under discussion. This concept has long been used in domestic pedagogy.
For example, linguistic competencies are well studied, used by teachers of foreign languages. The general cultural competencies of the bachelor in each subject area and level of higher education have also been introduced.
Recently, such a concept as “competence” is no longer associated with general pedagogical, didactic, methodological concepts. The reason is in the system-practical functions and the development of meta-subject links between different areas of modern life.
Competencies of Russian education
Recently, the role of competencies has been strengthened in Russian education. As one of them, we can mention competence in general cultural activity. It involves the development and use of the traditions of its people, the formation of patriotism, spirituality. For domestic education, the presence or absence of general cultural competence is especially relevant.
Competency refers to the sum of skills, knowledge, which help a person solve certain problems.
Competence implies the possession of a certain competency, which includes a personal attitude to the subject of activity.
Competency is understood as educational preparation of a student, and competency is a personal quality or the sum of qualities, as well as minimal experience in a certain field. The “Strategy for the Modernization of Education" defines all the competencies of students, taking into account personal qualities. In relation to various aspects of modern education, several functions of competencies and competences are distinguished. Regarding the personality of the child, they must reflect and develop their desire to study and analyze real objects. They are multidimensional, include all groups of qualities that should be developed in a child. Educational competences help a student learn certain academic subjects, use the knowledge gained in future professional activities. For example, having mastered the competence of a citizen while studying at school, a young person will be able to use it after graduating from public education. What is included in the structure of this pedagogical term? First of all, the name, a variant of the hierarchy (subject, general, key). The following are the objects for which competency will be introduced. It takes into account the socio-practical orientation, the value of competence for society. Variants of control and evaluation work aimed at identifying the degree of competence of the child will serve as indicators. This set of characteristics is indicated in all regulatory documents, methodological and educational literature, as well as in control and measuring materials.
Conclusion
There is a certain hierarchy of educational competencies. The content of education is divided into meta-subject, intersubject, subject. Meta-subject is typical for any subject areas, but subject competence stands out for academic discipline. At each level of training, their own requirements are distinguished, taking into account the psychological and age characteristics of the students. General cultural competence is associated with national characteristics and universal culture, spiritual and moral foundations of human life. She considers the foundations of family, social, social traditions and customs of both an individual people and the whole of humanity. It is this competence that is associated with an explanation of the influence of religion on the development of society, the formation of spirituality among the population. Mastering this competency involves the rational use by a person of his free time, attention to the study of the cultural heritage of his region and region. In order to fully develop the general cultural competence of the younger generation, special courses in regional studies were introduced at the initial stage of training. Their program content includes questions related to family traditions, the foundations of religion. In order for a graduate of a school, technical school, or university to be comfortable in a social environment, it is necessary to form a general cultural competence.