The introduction of new federal standards affected not only schools and universities, but also the very first educational step - kindergartens. This was reflected in the emergence of new goals and objectives relating to the development of a preschool child, a shift in emphasis from “learning” to “development”, and the restructuring of the regulatory framework. And if the basic law by which the state lives is the Constitution, then the activities of the modern kindergarten are built on the basis of the provisions of the Basic Educational Program for Preschool Education (PLO). On the basis of what is it formed and how is it related to the standard?
Federal State Standard for Preschool Education
Its adoption was a direct consequence of the new education law in 2013. Preschool education has become a step in the general, which required bringing its main guidelines in line with the ideas of the activity approach that prevail in the already introduced standards. New provisions were supposed to reinforce the postulate of the intrinsic value of preschool childhood, ensuring the quality of kindergarten work and the variability of educational programs.
The main principles of the standard:
- respect for the personality of the child and the developing nature of the interaction of the pupil and adult;
- use of age-appropriate practices.
There are a number of regulations defining the principles of preschool education. One of them is the state program "Development of preschool education for 2013-2020." It is aimed at modernizing the developing environment and satisfying the educational needs of pupils of preschool institutions.
The main educational program of preschool education
This is a mandatory regulatory document on the basis of which the work of the kindergarten is built. The approved program becomes the basis for licensing, changing the principles of financing, and providing additional services in the field of training and development. Its provisions determine a number of basic features of preschool education - content, targets, volume, requirements for the conditions in which work with children takes place.
The tasks of the main educational program of preschool education include determining the key areas of teaching activity, technologies of the educational process. OOP aims to:
- creation of a subject environment conducive to the socialization of pupils;
- development and improvement of the child’s creative skills in collaboration with peers and adults;
- supporting the diversity of children's activities.
The implementation of the basic general education programs of preschool education provides for variability in the forms of development of the child and the principles of organizing the work of kindergartens.
How is created and approved
The standard defines the requirements for:
- program structure;
- conditions and features of its implementation;
- development results.
The development of the main educational program for preschool education is carried out by the kindergarten team. It includes a mandatory part and a variable part. The first is based on one of the sample programs approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, the second is formed by the working group of the kindergarten, based on working conditions, regional characteristics, etc. Moreover, the team can seek advice from the methodologists of the preschool education department. At least 60% of the main program is an obligatory part, the share of elements developed by an educational organization accounts for no more than 40%.
The program is adopted by the decision of the pedagogical council of the kindergarten for 5 years (with the right to make annual changes).
What does it consist of?
The main program includes three mandatory parts:
- introductory section (brief explanatory note, definition of goals and objectives, wording of the planned results);
- substantial section (characteristics of educational activities in the main areas, forms and methods of development, methods of corrective work);
- organizational section (logistics indicators, daily routine, list of events, teaching materials).
The following areas of child development are included in the content of the main educational program of preschool education:
- cognitive;
- speech;
- socio-communicative;
- physical;
- artistic and aesthetic development.
At the same time, the regional department of preschool education has the right to monitor the quality of the educational process and the compliance of the program with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard.
Sample program
In 2015, the members of the educational and methodical association of the Russian Federation approved the Approximate main program of preschool education, which became a guideline for the development of variable copyright programs. If the standard defines targets, the sample program provides examples of means and methods for achieving them. It presents a general model of the development process in kindergarten, six age-specific development standards, the content of educational work in five main educational areas, and the subject environment.
The program contains the necessary sections, determines the main types of children's activities in each area of development, taking into account age indicators:
- communicative;
- game room;
- cognitive research;
- motor;
- household;
- musical;
- fine.
Its sections include recommendations on developing assessment and pedagogical diagnostics. The modular nature of the sample program allows you to create your own version on the materials of a number of existing copyright programs.
Assortment of programs
To date, the register of educational programs for preschool education that meet the requirements of the standard, the provisions of the sample program, includes a significant number of copyright developments. Allocate complex and partial (aimed at the development of a specific type of activity or the correction of certain violations). Approved comprehensive educational programs include products from major publishers:
- "Enlightenment" ("Rainbow", "Success");
- “Mosaic-Synthesis” (“From Birth to School,” “Discovery”);
- “National Education” (“Inspiration”, “Kindergarten in the Montessori System”);
- "Childhood Press" ("Childhood");
- “Ventana-Graf” (“Paths”).
Partial programs include the following:
- “Our home is nature”, “Spider Web” (environmental education);
- “Semitsvetik”, “Harmony”, “Integration” (creative and aesthetic development);
- “I, you, we”, “Heritage” (socio-cultural aspect);
- “Sparkle”, “Start” (physical development).
"From birth to school"
This basic educational program of preschool education was developed by a creative team of professional teachers led by N.E. Veraksy, M.A. Vasilieva, V.V. Gerbova.
It was created on the basis of the traditional curriculum for the education of preschool children, adapted for domestic kindergartens. Priority goal: strengthening the health of the child (including psychological), moral education, preparation for school. Particular attention at each age stage is given to the individual creative development of the pupils. The main areas of training and education are developed taking into account psychological and physical age characteristics. Orientation to regional features and the need to prepare for school, the use of health-saving technologies, remain.
The program provides for the variability of its implementation by teachers in practice.
"Rainbow"
Program authors: Doronova T.N., Gerbova V.V., Solovieva E.V. By analogy with a natural phenomenon, the program lists seven types of activity that are important for children's development: play, mathematical exercises, visual activity, music, speech development , design, familiarity with the world.
The main objectives of the program:
- maintaining and strengthening the health of the child, the formation of appropriate skills;
- full emotional and physical development;
- creating a favorable atmosphere while the child is in kindergarten.
Much attention is paid to creating children's motivation necessary in all types of activities. Three types of motivation are envisaged: gaming, communicative, desire for personal success. The authors believe that the development of such qualities as determination, independence and upbringing is a priority for preschool age.
"Childhood"
Another example of a popular educational program for Russian kindergartens. Authors: V. I. Loginova, N. A. Notkina, T. I. Babaev. The program is aimed at the emotional, physical, moral, intellectual, volitional development of a preschool child.
It is based on the principles of humanistic and personality-oriented pedagogy. It includes three steps corresponding to the younger, middle, and older age groups. The content of the program is formed around four main blocks:
- cognition;
- healthy lifestyle;
- creation;
- humane attitude.
The section “Self-knowledge” (attitude to oneself) is highlighted as a separate block. Much attention is paid to acquaintance with arts and crafts and oral folk art.