Morphemic and word-formation analysis of the word: an example. Word-formation analysis of the noun

In the article presented to your attention, we propose to talk a little about word-formation analysis and morphemic analysis of words. As already clear, we will consider the structure of the word. When determining it, it is very important to strictly distinguish between two types of analysis. After all, they have their own specific goals and objectives.

If you were asked to perform morphemic analysis (it can also be called analysis of the word by composition), then this means that you need to select all the morphemes that make up the word. To make it clearer, we will briefly analyze the word moonless . It consists of:

• prefixes "without";
• the root "-moon-";
• suffix "-n-";
• endings "th."

We will talk about this in more detail later. In this case, it is very important to follow the correct sequence. And now let's pay a little attention to word-formation analysis. In total, there are two options for morphemic analysis, one of which (formal-structural) is closely related to word-formation.

In the process of word-formation analysis, our goal is to determine the basis from which the original word is formed, with the help of which affixes, and in what way. It is very important to remember that during word-formation analysis, words stand out:

• producing base;
• word-forming morphemes.

It is equally important to consider modernity. For example, the word capital was originally formed from a table . But we in the twenty-first century cannot explain the connection of these two words. Therefore, we distinguish another basis: the root of "capital cities".

Root

Since we analyze the morphemic and word-formation analysis of the word in the article, we can’t do without the concept of “root”. We offer to get acquainted with this morpheme more closely.

As mentioned earlier, the root is one of the morphemes that carries lexical meaning. Speaking in a less complicated language, the root helps to understand the meaning of the word. It is important to note that the Russian language is extremely difficult, and not all words can be found in this morpheme. Of course, we are talking about unions, interjections and other lexical units.

But there is another side - complex words formed by two simple, therefore, they have two roots. Common examples are: aircraft, steam locomotive, and so on. Surely many have heard about the alternation of roots. As a result of this phenomenon, we can observe several surface realizations that have a common morphological record. A vivid example: the roots are “–rot-” and “–rost-”. In Russian, this morpheme is traditionally denoted by an arc.

Service words and interjections consist only of the root, some dialects also belong to this category. In addition, there are a number of immutable nouns (for example, kangaroos ) and adjectives ( maxi and so on), which also consist of one root.

Console

In this section, we will focus on the word-building morpheme that faces the root or the second prefix. As it has already become clear, the prefix serves as a morpheme, with the help of which new words are formed. It is important to say that the word prefixes are also included in the basis (along with the root and suffix). All consoles have their own meaning. You can learn more about this from the table in this section.

Of course, this is not all consoles. There are many more. It is very important for all students to remember one thing: an excuse and a prefix are two different things. Do not confuse them. In this case, the preposition is written separately from the word, and the prefix is ​​always together.

Suffix

Now briefly about another morpheme, which stands after the root and carries semantic and grammatical meaning. Officially, it is customary to highlight the suffix with a sign - an inverted checkmark. It is important to note that the suffix is ​​the main way of word formation in our great and mighty Russian language.

Now in more detail. The suffix when parsing a word is highlighted last. To detect it, you need to make a complete analysis of the word. It is recommended to start from the end, for this change the word by cases or childbirth. The part of the word that changes is the ending. All that is left beyond is the basis of the word.

Next, look for the root. For this, we select cognate words. But the steps taken are not always enough to highlight the correct suffix. It is necessary, in addition to this, to establish motivation. Simply put, this is a method of forming a word. A vivid example: a needle . Many will mistake the suffix "-point-". Correct selection: two suffixes "-och-" and "-k-".

Some suffixes can be distinguished by "automatic". For instance:

• in past tense verbs ("-l-");
• diminutive in nouns ("-point-", "-chik-" and so on);
• in adverbs ("-a-", "-", "-").

Pay attention to the fact that many distinguish an adverb instead of a suffix. This is a mistake, because an adverb is an unchangeable part of speech.

In addition, there is also the postfix "-sya". In verbs of indefinite form, it usually stands out immediately as a suffix and as an ending. Postfix is ​​a syncretic morpheme.

The ending

This section deals with the morpheme, which is at the very end of the word and is a link to other words in the sentence.

Why is it still needed? The role of graduation:

• binder;
• expression of gender;
• numbers
• case;
• faces.

In order to make it clearer, we will analyze the endings of some words:

1. table , ending "a", masculine, singular, genitive;
2. reads the ending "-et"; a third-person verb, singular.

It is important to remember that the ending is not always at the end of the word. This applies to those cases:

• when a word has a postfix;
• we are dealing with complex quantitative numbers.

This variable part of the word does not change its lexical meaning: notebook, notebook, notebook . This morpheme cannot form new words, that is, does not participate in word formation. It is also worth paying attention to the fact that the ending can include one letter or several: a chair ("a"), a chair ("ohm"), and so on.

Zero Morpheme

Before we go directly to the morphemic and word-formation analysis of the word, we propose to parse also not materially expressed morpheme. It can be revealed only if we compare the word proposed for parsing with its other forms.

Immediately draw your attention to the immutable words, such as: well, coat and so on. They cannot have endings, since they cannot change forms.

If we turn to the works of F.F. Fortunatov, published in 1956, we can find the following words: grammatical forms of the word can be formed not only by various morphemes, but also by their absence. The scientist calls this phenomenon a negative formal affiliation. He claims that all forms of the word are formed by some kind of affix, they suggest the existence of other forms that are used without this morpheme or with any other.

In addition, the mention of the zero morpheme is found in the writings of G. O. Vinokur, who gave examples, comparing the words: table and tables , went and went, and so on. Thus, we can summarize: there is a special kind of morphemes that do not have material embodiment. They are usually called zero or negative.

Parse Plan and Example

In this section you can see the plan of morphemic analysis and several examples that will help to consolidate and assimilate the received material. Let's get started!

We begin the morphemic analysis with the separation of the ending (it’s easy to do this, it was said earlier in the article: it is necessary to change the gender, case, number and so on). All that remains beyond the end is the basis of the word. Next, we proceed to the definition of the root (for this it is necessary to cite the same root words, and the repeating part is the root of the word). Only after that we are determined with the prefix and suffixes.

Example: two-story . This word has two endings ("-uh" and "-th"). Also, the word has two roots, since the word is complex: "dv-" and "floor-". The two-story suffix is ​​"n."

Example: Lane . The word has zero ending ( lane, lane ). The basis is completely the whole word ( lane ). The root "-ul" (the root word is street ). The prefix "- pere-", and the suffix "-ok".

Using the same principle, you can make a morphemic analysis of absolutely any word in Russian.

Word formation

In word-formation analysis, the main task is to determine the method of formation of a given word, or, more precisely, of this particular form. This issue deals with a whole section of the Russian language.

There are nine types of word formation, all of them can be studied in the table below.

Parse plan

Word-formation analysis of the noun, as well as other parts of speech, is carried out according to plan.

1. Put the word in the initial form.
2. The next stage of the word-formation analysis of the word composition is the definition of the word from which it comes.
3. Explain its meaning.
4. Next - select the basis.
5. Indicate the word formation tool.
6. Specify a method.
   

Examples

Now we give an example word-formation analysis of the word neighboring . It comes from a noun neighbor . A neighbor is someone who is close in the neighborhood. The word is formed using the suffix "-n-", therefore, the method is a suffix.

Another example of word-formation analysis of the word window sill . A noun is formed from a word - a window . The basis is the window. It is formed using the prefix and suffix. Therefore, the prefix-suffix method.