Preventive routine vaccinations for children and adults

Many years ago, thousands of people died in outbreaks of a deadly disease epidemic. Now there are vaccines that prevent the development of dangerous pathologies with the penetration of pathogens into the body. The first drug was synthesized in 1798. Since then, the number of deaths has decreased significantly. After the introduction of the vaccine in the human body, the process of forming a specific immune response is launched. Below is a list of routine vaccinations, which is reflected in the national vaccination calendar.

Against hepatitis b

Damage to the liver leads to impaired functioning of not only the digestive system, but also other organs. Hepatitis B is a disease that poses a threat not only to health, but also to human life.

The first planned vaccination is given to the newborn shortly after its birth. Some mothers are dissatisfied with the early intervention in the baby’s immune system, but only vaccination can protect him from a disease that does not have seasonality, that is, the risk of infection remains always high.

The second routine hepatitis B vaccine is given in 1 month. Another one - after 5 months. Last - in 1 year. Thus, the child is vaccinated 4 times against hepatitis B. A similar scheme provides the body with the creation of reliable protection against pathology up to 18 years.

Who else is shown hepatitis B vaccination:

• People who regularly need a blood transfusion.
• Members of a family in which someone is sick or is a carrier of the pathogen.
• People who often come in contact with contaminated biological material (all healthcare providers).
• Unvaccinated patients before surgery.
• Children whose mother is a carrier of the virus.
• Kids in orphanages.
• Persons planning a business trip or vacation in countries with an unfavorable epidemiological situation.

Thus, children are routinely vaccinated against hepatitis B 4 times. In the future, vaccination is carried out according to the indications or at the request of the patient.

The drug is administered intramuscularly. For young children, a routine vaccine is placed in the anterolateral thigh area.

According to reviews, the vaccine is well tolerated. In some cases, pain is felt at the injection site. Sometimes overall health slightly worsens. The presence of these side effects is not a reason to consult a doctor. Within a few days they go by themselves.

From tuberculosis

According to statistics, more than 1.6 billion people worldwide suffer from this disease. Moreover, for the most part, severe forms of tuberculosis have been diagnosed, which poses a serious danger to others. The only preventative measure is vaccination. But even it does not guarantee that a person will never get sick. However, it is important to know that vaccinated people tolerate pathology much easier, in addition, they have less frequent complications.

Schedule of routine vaccinations:

• The first time BCG vaccine is administered to children 3-5 days after birth. If there are contraindications, the preventive measure is postponed for a period determined by the pediatrician.
• The next step is revaccination. A planned vaccination is carried out at 7 years. In this case, the child receives protection before entering the educational institution, where he may encounter carriers of the causative agent of tuberculosis.
• The second revaccination is carried out at 14 years old. According to statistics, very often a pathology is diagnosed in adolescents.

A few days before vaccination, a Mantoux test is put. It is a kind of indicator that allows you to understand whether a person can enter the drug or not. Injection is carried out in the region of the lower border of the upper third of the shoulder.

Absolute contraindications to BCG:

• Immunodeficiency.
• Malignant neoplasms.

Relative contraindications:

• The birth weight of the baby was less than 2 kg.
• The presence of symptoms of intrauterine infection.
• Severe forms of dermatological diseases.
• Birth injuries accompanied by neurological disorders.
• The presence of inflammatory processes.
• Hemolytic disease.
• The presence of purulent-septic conditions.

In the presence of relative contraindications, routine vaccinations are given after recovery and normalization of physical parameters.

For adults, the vaccine is given only for epidemiological reasons. One vaccine protects against tuberculosis for 7 years.

For pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus

At present, the DTP vaccine is given to absolutely all children, even those living in developed countries with favorable epidemiological conditions.

Planned vaccinations are given to a child up to a year 3 times - at 3, 4-5 and 6 months. The fourth time the vaccine is administered in 1.5 years. A similar scheme provides the formation of stable immunity. In other words, the child's body becomes immune to the causative agents of whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus.

Do the next routine vaccination at 6 years old. This is a booster that allows you to maintain the required amount of antibodies in the body. Another is held at 14 years old. Adults should be revaccinated every 10 years.

Routine DTP vaccination differs from all others in the maximum degree of reactogenicity of the components. In this regard, the general rules have been developed:

• At the time of vaccination, the child must be healthy.
• The drug is administered on an empty stomach.
• The intestines must be emptied before vaccination.
• In the previous 3 days, you need to give your child antihistamines.
• Immediately after administration of the drug, it is important to give the baby "Nurofen" or "Paracetamol."

The condition of the child must be monitored for 3 days. When the temperature rises, it is necessary to offer him an antipyretic. The appearance of local reactions is also possible. Redness and swelling at the injection site (front of the thigh) with a diameter of up to 8 cm are not alarming signs. If convulsions, severe allergic reaction, shock or encephalopathy occur, it is necessary to show the child to the doctor. The same applies to adults.

For measles, mumps and rubella

These pathologies of an infectious nature pose a serious danger to humans. They lead to encephalitis, blindness, meningitis, hearing loss and diseases of the central nervous system. In pregnant women, they cause a miscarriage. In this regard, immunization is indicated from these ailments.

Schedule of vaccinations by age:

• The first time the vaccine is administered at 12 months.
• Then the drug is indicated after 5 years.
• The third time the vaccine is administered after 10-12 years.
• The fourth vaccination should be at the age of 22 years.

Adults subsequently must go to a health facility every 10 years.

Unlike DTP, there is no need to prepare before administering the drug. However, doctors still recommend taking antihistamines in the previous 3 days. This measure allows you to reduce the risk of complications to a minimum.

For young children, the drug is injected into the front of the thigh. At age 6, the injection is carried out on the shoulder.

Possible side effects:

• Soreness and tightness at the injection site.
• Elevated body temperature.
• Rashes of pale pink color.
• Enlarged lymph nodes.
• Joint aches.

Routine preventive vaccinations are carried out only if the child is healthy. The vaccine is not administered in the presence of HIV, tumors, low platelet count, or severe allergic reactions.

Polio

This is a dangerous infectious disease that is most often diagnosed in children. Pathology is characterized by damage to the gray matter of the spinal cord. Even after a full recovery, a person becomes disabled for life.

Currently, there is no drug that can cure polio. But the development of pathology can be avoided with the help of vaccination. Immunologists have developed two drugs that are different from each other:

• Containing oppressed live viruses. This vaccine is used only in Russia. It creates protection against most strains of the pathogen. Outwardly, it is a pinkish liquid. It is taken orally.
• Containing dead virus particles. This drug is available as an injection. According to numerous studies, it is less effective than a vaccine containing albeit suppressed, but live viruses.

General vaccination rules:

• In the previous 2 weeks, colds should be avoided. With their development, the administration of the drug must be postponed.
• 3 days before vaccination, it is recommended to start taking antihistamines.
• On the day of the injection, the patient should be examined by a doctor. It is also recommended to donate blood and urine for analysis.
• The vaccine is much better tolerated if it was given on an empty stomach. It is recommended that the child not be fed 2 hours before and 1 hour after the injection. Adults should also be given a routine vaccine on an empty stomach. You can not drink water for 1 hour after the injection.

It is important to know that both a child and an adult may be carriers of infection in the first 2 weeks. During this period, it is desirable to limit the contact of the vaccinated person with persons who refused vaccination in order to protect the latter.

Possible side effects:

• Elevated body temperature.
• Lethargy.
• Drowsiness.
• Anxiety.
• Irritability.
• Allergic reaction.
• Diarrhea.
• Cramps.
• Swelling of the tissues of the face.

The first planned vaccinations are made up to a year: at 3, 4,5 and 6 months. In this case, as a rule, a drug containing dead virus particles is used. The revaccination process also consists of 3 stages. A drug containing suppressed virus particles is administered at 1.5 years, 20 months and 14 years old.

From hemophilic infection

The causative agent of the disease is a conditionally pathogenic microorganism, which is a component of the microflora of the nasopharynx. Under the influence of any provoking factors, an active process of vital activity of the hemophilic bacillus starts, due to which irreversible changes begin to occur in the body.

The causative agent is extremely resistant to antibiotics. In this regard, any treatment is often ineffective. The development of pathology can be prevented only with the help of vaccination.

Injection is on the list of routine vaccinations from birth. The first time the drug is administered at 3 months, the second at 4.5, the third at 6. Revaccination is carried out at 18 months. According to studies, the effectiveness of vaccination is estimated at 95-100%.

Most children tolerate vaccination well. In some cases, the body temperature rises slightly and worries about pain at the injection site. These signs are not an occasion to see a doctor. They pass through 1-2 days on their own.

Contraindications for routine vaccinations:

• Tendency to allergic reactions.
• The presence of chronic diseases in the acute stage.
• Pathologies of an infectious nature.

It is necessary to vaccinate 2 weeks after recovery or the onset of a period of remission in chronic diseases.

Adult diphtheria vaccine

The maximum number of injections a person receives in the first 12 months of his life. In total, up to 18 years old, he is given about 20 vaccinations. Most adults forget that vaccination does not end there. Every 10 years, you must be vaccinated against diphtheria.

This disease has an infectious nature. The causative agent of diphtheria is Leffler's bacillus. You can prevent the development of pathology with the help of a vaccine.

Many adults ignore the need for drug administration. By doing so they put their health at serious risk. Paralysis, myocarditis, death are the most common consequences of diphtheria.

If a person has not previously been vaccinated, they are given a weakened vaccine. If all injections were carried out according to the national calendar, the next is carried out in 24 years. The vaccine must be administered every 10 years. A few years ago, they were vaccinated until they were 64 years old. Currently, age restrictions have been lifted.

If a person was not vaccinated in childhood, the vaccination schedule changes. In addition, a preparation containing fewer antigens is used. In total, adults need 2 vaccinations. The interval between them should be 30-45 days. The first revaccination is carried out after six months, the second - after 5 years. Then you need to be vaccinated every 10 years. The drug is injected into the subscapular area or in the front of the thigh.

Absolute contraindications for vaccination:

• Pregnancy.
• Lactation period.
• Kidney and liver dysfunction.
• Individual intolerance to the components of the vaccine.

The introduction of the drug is delayed if a person has a chronic pathology in the acute phase.

Most adults tolerate vaccination well. In isolated cases, the following side effects may occur:

• Malaise.
• A slight increase in body temperature.
• Redness, swelling, or pain at the injection site.
• Infiltrate in the injection zone.

It is important to know that modern vaccines are thoroughly cleaned and do not contain toxic compounds. In this regard, the risk of complications after administration of the drug is minimal.

Adult tetanus vaccine

Contrary to popular belief, the introduction of the vaccine is indicated not only for young children. The infection easily penetrates the body even through minor damage to the skin and mucous membranes. After this, the pathogen begins to synthesize toxic compounds deadly for humans. This is evidenced by muscle cramps of the whole body. As a rule, after their termination, a lethal outcome occurs.

Adults need to be vaccinated every 10 years. If a person has not received the vaccine in childhood, he will receive the first vaccination, the second - in a year. Further, the drug is administered every 10 years.

Contraindications to vaccination:

• Immunodeficiency.
• Colds.
• Pathologies in the acute stage.
• Pregnancy.

The list of contraindications can be expanded by the doctor during the examination.

Table

Below is a list of routine vaccinations by age.

Finally

Even in the modern world, there are a large number of deadly diseases that cannot be treated. In order to prevent their development, vaccines were created. Today it is the only method for the prevention of dangerous pathologies. The list of injections is reflected in the national vaccination calendar.