The work of industrial enterprises is necessary for the development of the state and citizens. But failure to comply with safety requirements poses a threat to life and health. It can be a radiation or chemical damage. Such situations require immediate action - the elimination of infection.
Danger of radiation and chemical emissions
With nuclear explosions, accidents at nuclear power plants and other nuclear transformations, many radioactive particles are released. These are substances whose atomic nuclei can independently decay and transfer into the atomic nuclei of other elements. As a result, ionizing radiation is formed.
Similar phenomena infect the terrain, people, property. By nature, ionizing radiation is electromagnetic, and also in the form of a stream of fast moving particles. This destroys the cells of the body, which causes radiation sickness. When running, a lethal outcome occurs. To conduct research on this issue, a radiation control laboratory is used, access to which is available only to specialists.
Characteristics
Radiations have two main characteristics:
In addition to ionizing radiation, poisonous particles released using chemical weapons, as well as potent toxic substances, are dangerous for people and nature. Similar phenomena occur during industrial accidents.
Human damage occurs when toxic particles enter the body, for example, through contact with contaminated soil or objects, the use of dangerous food, water, or inhalation of air. To protect the population from such phenomena, radiation and chemical control is performed. This allows you to prevent danger, as well as protect people from adverse effects.
General requirements
Radiation and chemical control should be carried out:
- at enterprises and institutions of the state corporation Rosatom;
- in organizations subordinate to Rosatom;
- in institutions of biomedical fields;
- in organizations creating dosimetric monitoring tools.
Generally accepted guidelines are enshrined in SanPiNs and GOST, which spell out the rules of action for chemical and radiation infections.
Radiation Intelligence Devices
What radiation monitoring devices are used? For this, dosimetric equipment is used that performs the functions of measuring the level of radiation, the degree of infection, and the identification of radiation doses. Moreover, the device is used both for people and for food, water, transport and other items. Radiation monitoring is also carried out in case of danger of infection.
According to the purpose, the equipment is divided depending on the application:
- for radiation reconnaissance: radioactivity indicators and radiometers;
- to monitor the level of infection: radiometers;
- for radiation control: dosimeters.
Each device is necessary to protect the population and the area from danger. Activities such as radiation reconnaissance and control help maintain a normal standard of living.
Types of radiation
Alpha radiation is presented as a stream of helium atom nuclei, the penetrating function of which is at a low level. These particles are trapped in ordinary clothing, personal protective equipment. Substances become dangerous with penetration into the body, which leads to internal exposure.
Beta radiation is a stream of fast electrons that appear during the decay of radioactive particles. Although its ionizing ability is small, its penetrating function is high. Clothing does not always protect against such radiation, and therefore a better shelter is required.
Gamma radiation has an intranuclear origin. Spreads at the speed of light. Radiation has a high penetrating power, so it can even come through thick materials. Since particles ionize the cells of living organisms, they are dangerous to humans. Shelters, anti-radiation shelters, cellars and cellars are used as protection.
Radiation Detection Methods
The following methods are used to determine emissions:
- photographic involves measuring the level of blackening of the emulsion with radioactive radiation;
- chemical based on the installation of changes in the shade of chemical particles under the influence of radiation;
- scintillation involves the detection of photon formation;
- ionization is based on the fact that during ionization, ionization of gases is observed.
Radiation monitoring allows you to identify the level of infection, as well as to prevent the occurrence of adverse effects on people, animals and nature.
Chemical reconnaissance devices
Determination of the level of infection with toxic particles of air, terrain, transport, clothing, water occurs using chemical reconnaissance devices. A sampling method is also available, which is transferred to the laboratory for analysis.
The device interacts with toxic substances, and the level of infection is determined by a change in the color of the indicators. Based on the information shown by such devices, the concentration of harmful particles in the air is established. The equipment includes:
- military chemical reconnaissance device;
- chemical reconnaissance device;
- semi-automatic chemical reconnaissance device;
- automatic gas detector.
All types of equipment have a similar principle of operation. Each of them allows you to determine the degree of infection.
Recommendations
There are rules to competently act in dangerous situations:
- when danger is detected, an alarm is given;
- protective equipment is being put on alert;
- when the area is infected, responsible persons are appointed;
- if necessary, the evacuation of the population is organized;
- people can only be returned to a safe area.
Thanks to observation, it is possible to prevent many dangerous phenomena. The atmosphere is constantly monitored by meteorological services, which will be able to timely warn of an impending adverse event. Therefore, radiation monitoring is very important, allowing to prevent the occurrence of danger to people.