Under the term "production technology" is a different interpretation. Often this concept is associated with a difficult production process, industry. But in fact, technology is, first and foremost, skill, skill, methods. If you translate the word "technos" from the Greek language, additional options for interpreting this concept will open: art and logic. Therefore, production technology is a set of methods, techniques and methods for creating a product, product or its processing.
The generalized concept of technology
The scientific direction, which is engaged in the study of production phenomena, has the name "technology". This discipline is a complex of knowledge about the processes of manufacturing, processing and processing of various materials, environments, products. There can be a lot of subjects of technology research, because it is possible to process and process not only material media (wood, metal, mineral raw materials, minerals, vegetable raw materials and other materials), but also non-material resources, which include information, research and development, projects, shows, legislative processes, financial, social services, etc.
The tasks of technology include the identification of physical, chemical, mechanical, commercial and other laws in the process of creating and transforming one product into another. To achieve this goal, it is fundamentally important to study the essence of production technology.
Production should reflect modern concepts, allow forecasting, find appropriate directions and keep up with the pace of development of world technological progress. In this sense, technology is more correctly understood as the operation of extraction, processing, delivery, saving, selling, and other actions that together constitute the production process.
Types of production
Speaking about technology, it is more correct to consider it in connection with a specific manufacturing industry. This can be construction, the chemical industry, design and construction, information collection and storage, metal rolling, money printing, political careers, etc. The production process technology involves a gradual change in the quality characteristics, processing of the environment, its shape, structure, material and consumer properties. If we consider the concept of "technology" in the context of the scope and functions of management, then it has a broader meaning, since it is assumed to carry out management activities in conjunction with the techniques and methods of processing various environments.
All technologies can be considered production, since any of them is designed to improve the quality of the source resource. Based on the specialization of the company, the priority of the production process is determined by the importance of the technology: it can be the main and auxiliary. Such a division is due to the order of development and licensing of activities.
Process Improvement
The introduction of new production technologies is almost continuous due to the emergence of new scientific and technological achievements. To date, scientists identify several areas in the development of modern technologies:
- the transition from static methods to dynamic production processes in connection with higher efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the latter;
- implementation of new projects involving non-waste production;
- passing all technological cycles in compliance with the principles of environmental safety;
- increasing the role of scientific development in business.
Classification of products as production results
The consequence of the use of new production technologies is to improve the quality of the final product (goods, services). The regularity of the result is indicated by an increase in consumer demand. According to the destination, finished products are divided into three categories:
- material;
- energy;
- intellectual.
All three varieties are independent units that interact with each other in various respects and combinations. Production technologies by which goods are manufactured, services are provided, determine the physical nature and material nature of the products. The difference between them in consumer demand cannot be called perfect, which can be seen on the basis of the following example.
Consider the two end results of production activities and the use of modern production technologies - a writing pen and an opera aria. Each of these finished products consists of the same three components (material, energy and intellectual), but with different priorities.
So, to create a fountain pen, some production technologies are used, and others are required to record an opera aria. In the process of manufacturing a fountain pen, plastic materials, metal, and ink are used, which confirms the material nature of the product, which is a priority. For the performance of opera aria, the material component is not of paramount importance. The intellectual element is considered a priority here, because first of all, the performance of this musical work requires suitable sound accompaniment, the singer’s external artistry, a beautiful voice, intonation, melody and other non-material components. You can only call a song aria a material product, because its performance requires special equipment, a building, and a stage. At the same time, the energy part, which involves the use of not only electricity, but also living human labor, plays a role in the manufacture of pens and the performance of opera aria.
About modern technologies in industrial production
Over the past decades of the last century, many innovative solutions have appeared among technological processes that have a positive effect on the work of enterprises in almost all industrial sectors. Conventionally, all these innovations can be divided into two groups: some of them are intended for technical support, and others - for software.
The main indicator of the application of new technologies can be called an increase in the level of automation and the complexity of processes. Progress in manufacturing technology does not stand still. One of the modern developments can be called electronic control machines equipped with machining centers. Such equipment performs industrial work in the automation of basic processes and functions (for example, supply of materials, distribution of finished products, etc.).
Numerically controlled machines are a system consisting of a conventional machine and a computer. Electronic equipment monitors the sequence of operations. More modern and improved models are machines with feedback systems. Unlike conventional equipment, these machines are able to determine the actual position of tools and parts, compare it with the programmed position and, if inconsistent, make the necessary adjustments.
When undergoing practical training on technology, an intern of the enterprise needs to master the basic principles of the system and gain skills in controlling a CNC machine. In the future, the operation of the equipment will not cause any difficulties, especially when it comes to systems with automatic selection and installation of tools, loading of raw parts and delivery of finished products.
Robotization of production in Russia
In modern developed countries, robots successfully replace people in the production process. While it comes to performing a monotonous, monotonous work or activities associated with increased risks and dangers. To introduce the machine into the operation of the enterprise, the robots are equipped with a special device (for example, to capture or lift parts) and a visual coordination system. Modern robotics has a lot of possibilities. The robot can be trained in new movements that are necessary to perform a particular action. This became possible due to an increase in computer memory.
Thanks to automated systems for supplying raw materials in production, it is possible to reduce the time for transportation, saving and replenishment of raw materials. Computerized systems are connected to radio-controlled vehicles that automatically determine the desired load and place of delivery. Such production cells help combine several robots or their individual systems.
Today, production facilities at the enterprise are automated technologies that underlie the industry and are contained in various technical combinations to achieve higher results and increase productive indicators.
The second block is software that is widely used at the stage of design, planning and analysis of production activities. The most commonly used technologies are computer-aided design and workflow management. Such systems can be used during the development of any product. Among the methods that are used in computer-aided design technology, the leading ones are:
- computer graphics;
- computer modelling;
- automated production plan.
Computer graphics should be used to study the visual properties and characteristics of finished products. In turn, the simulation allows you to evaluate the engineering characteristics, the level of automated production readiness for the introduction of computer programs on CNC machines and machining centers. Without automated production planning and management systems, the full functioning of the information block needed to regulate the work process and monitor the progress of production operations would be impossible.
The key to technological progress
The creation of advanced production technologies and their widespread introduction in industrial and non-industrial production is the main condition for the development of the scientific and technical sphere of both individual manufacturers and the manufacturing sector of state activity. A progressive model of production capacity allows us to develop products that will more closely meet the criteria of usefulness and be in higher demand among consumers.
Moreover, the development of production technologies should be based on the applied principles of process control in a market economy. It will be possible to consider it successful only when it is able to ensure the competitiveness of the production system. This is a complex, multicomponent factor that is influenced by all types of production technologies. Industrial companies use production and facility management systems, but besides them, analysis of the environmental impact on the work process is of great importance. The level of technical equipment, the economic potential of the enterprise and the degree of educational and practical training of hired personnel are also taken into account. Employees are trained in production technologies at the internship stage.
Another factor that affects production and scientific and technological progress is innovation management. Being one of the elements of the management system, it provides the progressiveness and progressive dynamics of the development of production technologies. Practice proves that new projects do not bring success if the management model has flaws. Why? It's simple: production technologies and employee labor are not able to replace the talent and entrepreneurial energy of managers.
Thus, modern society is puzzled by the issue of technology development. Every enterprise, company, organization tries to master the already applied modern production technologies and increase them.
What are the manufacturing technologies
Considering that today many production technologies exist and are applied in practice at enterprises, the primary task is to determine their type. To distinguish between technologies used in production, several typical features are taken into account.
Regardless of the variety, each of the technologies has developed and continues to develop in the conditions of accumulation of people's life experience. Examples are:
- clergy;
- religion;
- writing;
- historical sources;
- manuscripts;
- Museums
- magnetic media;
- drawings, photographs, diagrams, drawings;
- equipment samples, etc.
Production technologies can be classified according to several main parameters:
- on the level of complexity - are simple and complex;
- by scope - scientific, industrial and educational;
- according to the dynamics of development - progressive, developing, well-established and outdated, irrelevant;
- according to resource requirements - allocate capital-intensive, science-intensive, energy-intensive;
- according to the level of description - they are divided into professional, know-how, axiomatic;
- according to the level of processing and processing of media - low, medium and high levels;
- by designation - constructive and destructive.
Each of them has its own form of expression. So, production technology is being transformed into federal laws, regulatory legal acts of an enterprise that regulate the procedure for reviewing and selecting finished products, industry standards, patents, certificates and licenses, protection and quality control mechanisms.
The role of the Academy of Technological Sciences of the Russian Federation
Since none of the phenomena in nature or society occurs on its own, special attention is paid to the study of the laws and conditions necessary for the flow of production processes. When carrying out research activities, problems of a socio-economic, technical, organizational, environmental nature are identified. Their solution is mandatory to meet the needs of society.
The leading role in the selection and combination of various in nature technologies belongs to management. The success of the enterprise depends on the balanced management decisions. The Academy of Technological Sciences of the Russian Federation is engaged in fundamental and applied research in the field of advanced production technologies in our country. This organization has a diversified structure, its own experimental base and is a self-governing unit with subordinate institutions, centers, and departments.
The main objective of the Academy is to identify trends in the development of innovative technological projects and dual-use developments necessary for their use in shaping the technological potential of the state. The budgetary scientific and technical organization carries out expert examinations of the latest developments, substantiates their application in the production process and offers the Government of the Russian Federation working concepts for their integrated use in the public interest.
The main areas of work of the Academy of Technological Sciences of the Russian Federation include:
- conversion and dual-use technologies;
- development to increase the productivity of oil and gas production, processing, storage and transportation of resources;
- creation of projects for the heavy industry sector (metallurgy, mining, etc.);
- improvement of construction technologies.
This scientific and technical organization is a subsidiary of the International Academy of Technological Sciences, which is the organizer of constant conferences, forums and exhibitions in various fields of activity. - - .
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If the Ministry of Science of the Russian Federation makes a positive decision, an accreditation certificate is issued to the organization, which is valid for the next three years. After this period, the accreditation procedure must be repeated. The accreditation procedure is carried out on a paid basis.
In addition to these federal bodies, the Innovation Union of the Russian Federation and the International Technology Incubator under the Government of the Russian Federation are involved in the development of the scientific and technical sphere in the regions. A similar role is played by the Academy of Management and the Market and the State Committee of the Russian Federation for the Support of Small Business.
Principles of the effectiveness of technology
Now consider a few indicators by which we can conclude about the effectiveness of production technologies. The functions of the systems are evaluated taking into account the following parameters:
- The specific consumption of raw materials and resources per unit of product ready for sale.
- Amounts of nutrients recovered from a unit of raw material.
- Quality and environmental cleanliness of finished products (goods, services).
- The level of labor productivity in calculating the real workload of employees.
- Labor intensity.
- The cost of equipping the production process and the cost of finished products.
- Possibilities of using non-waste production systems.
Taking into account the established goals, the industry specialization of the enterprise is determined and the priorities of primary and auxiliary production activities are substantiated. The technologies that are used by enterprises set the course for the development of a particular scientific and technical industry in the region.
However, it is possible to consider technologies at a professional level only under the condition of owning a special theoretical base - this is a fundamental point in training managers. The role of management personnel is the ability to make the right decisions, strive for economically significant results and maintain the functioning of a complex multicomponent system consisting of elements of an economic nature: resources, property, personnel, cash flows, scientific potential.