Medical instruments are various technical devices that are used to assist patients. These include one- or two-part, as well as more complex products, mainly metal, for manual work. To honey. tools, in addition, include more complex, but compact semi-automatic devices, such as staplers.
Names
The names of the tools indicate their functionality. Often, doctors from different countries use Latin and ancient Greek names, for example, retractor, trocar, dermatome, and scarifier. Many instruments have both Latin and Russian names:
- terminal and clamp
- dilator and expander,
- elevator and elevator.
In surgery, it is also customary to add the names of their inventors to the names of the instruments: Buyalsky’s shoulder blade, Pean’s arterial clamp, Payr’s pulp, Allis forceps, Voyachek chisel. Most honey. tools have such names.
There are a lot of tools, for example, only tweezers, there are about a hundred. Therefore, any special names to facilitate memorization are welcome. For example, “bulldogs,” or “dogs,” are soft vascular terminals, a mosquito clip.
Classification
Typically, tools are distinguished by function or engineering principle. The following types of medical instruments can be distinguished according to the functions performed:
- for tissue separation - scissors, scalpels, extractors;
- exciting clamping - clamps, forceps, tweezers;
- for tissue expansion - expanders, hooks, mirrors;
- to protect tissues from damage - spatulas, probes, rotary expanders;
- for tissue connection - needles, needle holders;
- others - meters, funnels, syringes, etc.
Within each group, more specific types of instruments can be distinguished. For example, clamps are part of a group of exciting tools. They are: hemorrhoidal, to capture the lung, intestinal, etc.
Tools are classified by medical specialties. Distinguish honey. instruments used in microsurgery, obstetrics and gynecology, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, general surgery, otorhinolaryngology, cosmetology, dentistry, orthopedics and traumatology, vascular surgery, urology, proctology.
Devices for separation and tissue excision
Basic honey. tissue separation tools - cutting. These include scalpels, knives, nippers, scissors, as well as chisels, saws, drills, cutters, burs, chisels, sharp spoons, raspatora.
Scalpels are made of two types: spiky and abdominal. A pointed scalpel is used to open abscesses, a ventral scalpel for long straight incisions. Recently, to exclude infection, both the patient and the doctor produce sterile disposable scalpels.
Surgical knives are used, as a rule, for amputations.
There are about 40 surgical scissors. They can have long thin branches, curved or straight, sharp or rounded ends.
When working with bones in traumatology, saws and nippers are used.
Gripping Tools
A set of medical instruments that capture tissue include hemostatic clamps and clamps, forceps, needle holders, tissue forceps and clamps, forceps, gastric and intestinal clamps.
Hemostatic clamps are used to clamp the vessels. Between the rings, the tool has a gear rack. Most have no teeth. Such clamps are straight and curved.
Hemostatic terminals serve to more carefully squeeze blood vessels.
Tissue clamps are needed to hold the organ in a certain position in the wound. They should have a minimal traumatic effect on the tissue of the retained organ. Clamps are often called forceps. This also includes forceps for taking tools.
Gastric and intestinal clamps are used to close the lumen of the intestine or stomach, which will prevent the contents from entering the surgical wound. They are crushing (pulp) - for the removed part, elastic - for the left part, hard - medium in compressive strength.
Surgical tweezers (from French pincette - "tweezers") are intended for gripping and short retention of tissues, materials during operations. There are dental, surgical, ophthalmic, ear, anatomical, vascular and other tweezers. Tweezers for surgery are distinguished by the presence of teeth on the end of the instrument. Surgical tweezers are: general surgical, for vascular surgery, for removing sutures, suture, for tying threads, fixation, for muscles and others. A lot of varieties of tweezers are used in ophthalmology: corneal, scleral, for the iris, for lenses, for corneal transplantation and others.
Forceps are needed for the introduction of tampons, drains, for feeding tools.
Tissue Spreader Tools
To this group honey. tools include mirrors, conservatives, elevators, blades, dissectors, spatulas.
Ranoshiratora happen annular and frame - for fixing hooks along the edges of the wound, rod and rack - to push apart the tissues with great effort and their fixation.
Retractors push the edges of the wound or push the organs away. They are lamellar or serrated. For tissue retention, for example, a single-tooth hook is used, for pushing tissues - Buyalsky's spatula.
Mirrors are called wide and flat hooks.
Dissectors are needed to push apart tissues.
Other types of tools
Instruments piercing tissue - trocars, biopsy, puncture needles, stitching needles. The latter are cutting, stitching, stitching, diamond-shaped, putty - shaped, etc.
Sensing instruments - catheters, bougie, cannula, guides. A grooved probe is often used for dissection along the gutter.
Auxiliary instruments - ligature needles, suction needles, hammers, retainers, guides, urethral catheters, soft means - suture material, napkins, balls. Ligature needles have a special design with a handle and an eye at the end of the needle. These needles are necessary for threading in hard to reach places.
Mechanized instruments - automatic tissue staplers, sigmoidoscopes, cystourethroscopes, bipolar forceps for coagulation of blood vessels, etc.