Article 23 of the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” lists all types of educational organizations, their features, goals and objectives. Next, we analyze this article and clarify its details.
Criteria for dividing educational institutions into separate types
When subdividing all educational institutions into types, general education programs selected for their activities are taken into account. In addition, the division is carried out taking into account the type of programs. It could be:
- Basic educational programs.
- Further education programs.
General education programs involve professional and general education. The Law provides for six different types of educational organizations: four, involving the implementation of basic educational programs, and two types aimed at additional development of students.
All institutions that implement educational programs are further divided into 4 types:
- 2 types of institutions of general education (general educational organizations and organizations of preschool education);
- two types of organizations providing vocational training (educational organization of higher education and educational professional organization).
According to the Law of the Russian Federation of July 10, 1992, only two types of educational institutions were supposed to be, and they were not clearly indicated in the article. Special education in the Law was given to correctional institutions; it was their responsibility to educate children with disabilities. Separately allocated and institutions for the education and training of orphans.
Features of correctional institutions
Regarding special institutions, we note that their current renaming into general educational organizations does not imply their liquidation.
The law provides for the formation by state bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of such educational organizations in which training would be conducted according to special programs adapted for blind, hard of hearing, mentally handicapped or deaf children, as well as for students with problems of the musculoskeletal system, speech disorders, autism and other defects health.
Vocational training for children with physical limitations is also carried out on the basis of special programs that are adapted for these categories of students.
About the procedure for educational activities
Under article 23 of the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation”, there are four options for educational institutions that are entitled to implement basic educational programs.
The first of these is called an educational preschool organization - an institution whose main purpose of activity is the care and supervision of children, as well as the implementation of training and education in educational programs for preschool children.
On August 30, 2013, by Order of the Ministry of Science of the Russian Federation (No. 1014), a special Procedure was approved, according to which all educational work on the main programs is organized and carried out. Their options for preschool education are designed for those organizations that provide care for babies, including private kindergartens, and day care groups.
Preschool education
It is important to remember that children can count on pre-school education not only in specialized child care facilities, but also in the family. In clause 6, it is indicated that in a preschool educational organization, care, supervision, and preschool education are carried out from 2 months until the relationship is completely terminated (if the pupil reaches 6-7 years of age). Groups created to achieve this goal can be health-improving, compensating, general developmental and combined.
The order of the Ministry of Education and Science of October 27, 2011 was declared null and void. The letter dated August 8, 2013 of the Ministry of Education and Science contained Recommendations of the Department of State. policies regarding the acquisition of those educational institutions that are engaged in the implementation of basic general educational programs for pre-school education and training. Moreover, the letter dealt with the creation of unified approaches to the number of children who need to attend preschool educational institutions.
The letter also contained recommendations to the municipal authorities on the creation of a unified information resource of the “electronic queue” in kindergartens. The deadlines for providing information on the number of applications (movements) for the current academic year were also determined. For registration in the register, parents or legal representatives of a preschooler fill out the form presented in the public domain on the Internet, or use the advice of a specialist from the MA of the municipality. You can also personally contact the authorized body with a written application for a place in a kindergarten.
The letter also contained recommendations regarding the order of receipt of children in preschool institutions. Thanks to this Law, kids have the opportunity to attend kindergartens and fully prepare for school.
School education
A general educational organization is an institution that sets as its primary goal the implementation of a program of primary, secondary and general basic education. Their functioning is subordinate to the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 2001. Despite the fact that the document was published a long time ago, periodically modernized and reprinted, it has not lost its strength and is currently in use.
According to this document, the following are considered as educational institutions:
- elementary school;
- mainstream school;
- secondary school;
- mid-level institutions with in-depth study of certain subjects;
- Gymnasiums that train schoolchildren in the natural sciences, technology and the humanities;
- lyceums implementing secondary and basic education programs by profile (area).
The specifics of Art. 23 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”
The described Law does not imply a separate division into the types of educational organizations that provide in-depth (additional) training for schoolchildren, as a lyceum or gymnasium, and therefore questions arose even before its entry into force.
There were fears that he did not envisage the development of gifted (talented) children. But in fact, everything is not so, this law on education in the Russian Federation is aimed specifically at the formation of talented youth. Regardless of the status of an educational institution, the teaching staff creates favorable conditions for students.
Different types of educational organizations suggest differences not only in status, but also in special financing conditions. The new Law also provided for the transition of the classic financing option to financing based on the results of the municipal (state) order. All requirements for a school graduate are spelled out in the standards of a new generation: the education of citizenship, patriotism, the ability to self-development, self-improvement.
Professional education
A professional educational organization is considered to be an institution whose main purpose of functioning is educational activity under special programs of professional secondary education.
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 543 of July 18, 2008 regulates these types of educational organizations. The main tasks of a special secondary educational institution are:
- the realization of the needs of the individual in cultural, intellectual, moral development, by obtaining professional secondary education;
- saturation of the market with specialists with secondary vocational education;
- the development of the younger generation of industriousness, citizenship, responsibility, creative activity, independence;
- preservation of cultural and moral values ​​of society.
According to this law, the following types of educational organizations of the middle level are provided:
- Technical school, which implements basic training programs.
- College offering advanced training.
Name of educational institutions
Secondary special, general educational, institutions of additional education, upon creation receive a clear name, which is indicated in the Charter of the organization. When changing the status of an institution, its name also changes without fail.
Recently, many schools and institutions of additional education, make a decision at a meeting of the collective on renaming the organization or on assigning it the name of Hero of Russia. Such an initiative should be supported by municipal authorities, the whole team, and the interested public. At a general meeting, a vote is taken, then a protocol is drawn up, and a petition is written to the local authorities. After considering the submitted application, a decision is made.
If successful, the organization of preschool education, school, technical school or college makes adjustments to the Charter and changes the seal. In the work books of employees indicate the new name of the organization.
Higher education
Considering the various forms, types of educational organizations, it is impossible to ignore higher educational institutions. Their main goal is the educational and scientific activities of special programs. According to the model regulation on the structure of higher education, standards are gradually being introduced for each area of ​​study and for higher education specialties.
Additional education
Additional education centers were created to organize extracurricular activities for preschoolers and school children. The Law on the Education of the Russian Federation provides clarification on the occupancy of groups, sections, circles, regulatory and financial support for activities. Recently, interest in such institutions has been growing, in each district center there is at least one additional education center, and most of the sections, circles offered to children are free.
The educational process in the CDC is based on individual curricula. Groups are created by interests, age, and line of business. A variety of laboratories, sections, clubs, circles, ensembles, orchestras, studios, theaters: all this is offered to children outside the school walls. In addition to group options, further education offers individual forms of work.
Further professional education
The purpose of creating such organizations is to carry out activities under special professional programs. According to the "Law on Education" they perform the following functions:
- Assistance to specialists in acquiring information on the latest achievements in science and technology, advanced foreign and domestic experience.
- Further training and retraining of specialists of institutions, organizations, dismissed workers, government employees, unemployed specialists.
- Conducting research and experiments, the implementation of consulting activities.
- Full scientific examination of individual projects, programs, other documents on the profile of the organization
Conclusion
Article 23 of the Law “On the Education of the Russian Federation” fully explains the entire classification of educational institutions, their goals and objectives, financing features and the legal form. The types of educational programs are indicated in it. In addition, Russian law will determine the procedure for creating public institutions of various types and types.