Nosology is a science about diseases, thanks to which it becomes possible to achieve the main goal set by clinical medicine, namely, to find out the functional and structural relationships in a disease. Nosology, in particular, includes such sections as etiology and pathogenesis. Consider them.
General etiology
Etiology is a science about the conditions and causes of the development of pathologies. Scientific causation, the idea of how diseases arise, which has become widespread today, is based on materialistic dialectics. It is perfectly clear that in nature each phenomenon has its own cause, a relationship is traced between them, in each sequence of events it is necessary to be able to determine the decisive, main factor. It is impossible to argue with this. However, the nosology of diseases is a complex science, and not everything in it is as obvious as it might seem at first glance. Based on the foregoing, it can be argued that all etiological factors are divided into predisposing, contributing, and also causing. Let's consider them too.
Etiological factors
The triggering factors, as a rule, provide the specificity of the pathology; they are usually represented by pathogens of various diseases. Promotional conditions include keeping, using, feeding, and caring. And predisposing are the state of a person, his constitutional features, type of central nervous system, hereditary predisposition.
The essence of scientific causation
Scientific causation teaches us that in all individual cases, for each pathology, it is necessary to search for the main, main reason for its development, and, having discovered it, find ways to combat not only the disease, but also the possibility of its occurrence.
General pathogenesis
To determine the essence of the pathology, it is not enough to be aware of its cause, it is also necessary to find out how the pathogenic factor acts in the human body, in other words, you need to understand the mechanism of the appearance and progression of the abnormal process. It is very important. Knowing what nosology is, it is easier to understand the pathogenesis. These concepts are interconnected. Pathogenesis is a science about the mechanisms of the appearance and progression of a disease, as well as about the ways of spreading a pathological factor throughout the human body. This teaching is really of great importance for medicine.
The mechanisms of the appearance and progression of diseases
There are several main mechanisms for the appearance and progression of pathologies. The most basic ones are neurohumoral (also called centrogenic) and reflex. In addition, this includes the mechanism of direct action. What are they?
Reflex mechanism
The mechanism is reflexive if receptors (in other words, nerve endings) of a certain organ are sensitive to the influence of a pathogenic factor. Every physician should know this. Appearing excitation through centripetal (in other words, afferent) paths penetrates the central nervous system. There is an analysis of the data. And then along the centrifugal paths (also called efferent), it rushes to certain organs whose work is disrupted. The arising changes at the first stage are protective in nature, and if they are not enough, an abnormal process begins to develop. It should be noted that nosology is a doctrine that every physician should understand.
Centrogenic (neurohumoral) mechanism
The mechanism is neuro-humoral (in other words, centrogenic) if the pathogenic factor is in the blood that carried it to the nerve centers. Then he begins to exert a certain effect on them, and they send impulses to organs whose work is disrupted. Naturally, this does not lead to anything good. It must be understood that nosology is salvation for many sick people. Indeed, thanks to it, today it is already possible to prevent some diseases.
Direct mechanism
The mechanism is direct if the violations appear on the site of action of the pathogenic factor. These are frostbite, burns, ingestion of alkalis, as well as acids. Pathogenic factors that penetrate the human body, spread by touch and anatomical continuation, together with secretions, lymph and blood, retrograde way, as well as along the nerve trunks.
7 nosologies
Six years ago, a program called “Seven Nosologies” was launched in our country.
Its essence lies in the fact that the medicines needed to treat people with several rare pathologies that require expensive therapy are now bought with money from the federal budget. Thus, patients receive medication for free.
What diseases are included in this program?
To date, the program includes seven rare pathologies:
- cystic fibrosis;
- glucosylceramide lipidosis;
- multiple sclerosis;
- hemophilia;
- dwarfism;
- myeloid leukemia;
- as well as patients who survived organ transplants and who need immunosuppressive drugs.
Now you understand that nosology is a difficult science, the study of which should be taken seriously. Also, you became aware of the basic information about the Seven Nosologies program.