Every person from the moment of birth must go through certain stages of psychological and social development. Without education it is impossible to overcome them. At the first stage, when the child has not yet had time to get used to the world, he enters a kindergarten. Here the kids go through a difficult adaptation before they can feel confident as full members of society.
The history of the formation of the educational system in Russia
In the modern world, the state takes on the main functions and difficulties in organizing training for the population. At the same time, an established educational system did not always exist and function in Russia . She had to go a long and difficult way to take on today's form. Initially, the concept of "school" was exclusively of a class nature - only wealthy people could afford to study.
It took almost five hundred years for the need to raise the general level of secondary education and culture to become apparent. In 1917, the Bolsheviks who overthrew the tsarist regime adopted the Constitution, which secured the right of citizens to receive free and accessible education. By 1936, after a couple of decades, children from all USSR countries visited municipal budgetary educational institutions. Over the next 50 years, the school curriculum was designed for a ten-year period. Modern schools have successfully switched to 11-grade education.
What is general education?
An average child gets to know a school when they are 6-7 years old. This educational institution helps a small person to realize himself as an individual, different from others. First-level educational institutions are divided into several types:
- elementary school - (the average normative period for mastering the programs developed in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard is 4 years);
- basic school (the period required for mastering the programs developed in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard is 5-6 years);
- high school (the standard period for learning is 2 years).
Types of educational institutions
Other grounds for the classification of educational institutions include the specifics of the institution, which implies an in-depth study of individual disciplines, as well as a shift schedule.
Along with municipal schools, it is worth noting gymnasiums, lyceums, as well as removable (evening and open) educational institutions. The list of budgetary educational institutions, as a rule, does not include institutions of an ethnocultural direction, religious or religious schools.
How does a first grader enter first grade?
Municipal budgetary educational institutions are intended for children of different age groups and are institutions that implement training programs approved by higher departments. The duration of a standard school course is 11-12 years. During this period, students receive fundamental knowledge in basic scientific areas in accordance with standard state programs.
According to Russian law, children must go to first grade no earlier than 6.5 years old. A child who has not reached this age, but who is psychologically and physically ready for admission to the municipal budgetary general educational institution, also has the right to start schooling. The only thing that is important to note: children under the age of six and six months will have to demonstrate their level of training. The commission, which includes narrow-profile specialists (speech therapist, psychologist) and pedagogical staff of the elementary school, will conduct an objective assessment of the child's skills and make an appropriate conclusion.
What documents are required for admission to school?
You can enroll a future student in first grade from April 1. Having collected a package of documents, parents have the right to submit an application to several state educational institutions at once. Classes are formed based on the registration of the students' place of residence. So, preference is given to children who are constantly living within walking distance from the school. The list of documents required for filing includes:
- application from the parent (legal representative);
- medical record;
- birth certificate;
- copy of the passport of the parent or legal representative.
Features of the educational process in educational institutions
A few words should be given to the daily routine in an educational institution. This is an extremely important point, since mastering the curriculum requires the child to be focused and have sufficient concentration of attention. Each lesson lasts no longer than 45 minutes, and after it comes a change (10-20 minutes) - this allows students not to overload. Starting from the first year of study, students study the disciplines of the humanities, natural sciences, and the exact unit, as well as subjects in the visual arts, music, and choreography. In the predominant number of budgetary educational institutions for children of grades 1-4, extended-day groups are organized .
On September 1, 2011, new standards in the field of education came into force, affecting the educational process in primary school. Today's trend towards creating specialized conditions for students of any groups and characteristics is all-consuming. Some educational institutions are expanding the boundaries of their activities, opening correctional-developing classes, many circles and sections. In addition, extra hours are provided for learning how to work on a computer.
Principles of general education programs
The main goal pursued by primary school teachers is to provide students with the necessary knowledge and skills, conditions for the protection of life, maintaining psychophysical development. Training is carried out in several directions:
- expanding the communicative experience of students, implying mastery of literacy, writing skills;
- development of creative imagination;
- the formation of curiosity for the formation of cognitive abilities of students.
Children of the municipal educational institution (school) are inculcated with knowledge about observing the rules of personal hygiene and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. During the training, the teaching staff sets itself the task of adapting students to life in modern society, to form a personality culture by assimilating the minimum content of programs.
Stages of obtaining full secondary education
Primary school in a general educational institution is the basis for obtaining a certificate of secondary education. At this stage, it is important to see the student’s inclinations for learning, to set a course for the development of his inclinations and self-determination abilities. At the end of the fourth grade, the child begins a new stage of education - basic general education. Having documents on the completion of grade 9, the graduate has the right to change the general educational institution (secondary school) to an institution of primary professional level (college, vocational school, technical school) or continue training by going to grade 10. It is important that the student’s choice is informed. Completing the curriculum at the municipal educational institution (secondary school) by passing the Unified State Exam, graduates have the opportunity to make an informed choice in favor of a future profession and enter a secondary special educational institution, institute or university.
School year calendar in municipal schools
If there are a large number of requests to the territorial bodies of the Department of Education from parents and students, as well as an appropriate level of material and technical and human resources, specialized education can be introduced in the school. Its content is determined by the Federal State Educational Standard, composed of curricula, a list of disciplines, courses. For primary, primary and secondary schools, the same school year is set to 34 weeks, which do not include the period of final certification and the exam. First-graders, meanwhile, study only 33 weeks.
Throughout the school year, students are entitled to 30 days of vacation outside the school. The same rule applies in the summer - students must rest for at least 8 weeks. The calendar schedule and plan of the educational process is developed by the school and agreed with representatives of local government.
The legal rights of students
It is also worth paying attention to the fact that the following rights of students are approved by federal laws regulating the sphere of general education:
- receive free education in accordance with GEF;
- to study according to an individual curriculum that does not contradict GEF;
- take an accelerated course in educational programs;
- use library and other information sources in the institution;
- apply for additional educational services and receive them for a fee;
- take part in the regulation and management of the school within the framework of the powers allotted by its statutory documents.
In addition, every child receiving a secondary education in a municipal institution has the right to respect for their own dignity, freedom of expression of their beliefs and worldviews, freedom of conscience and reliability of information.