Reliable placement and securing of cargo will allow delivering it to the place in proper condition. All materials, depending on the dimensions, are fixed on the vehicle platforms according to certain rules in accordance with the cargo transportation code. In what order to secure the cargo and ensure safe conditions for it, was approved in the Ministerial Order No. 7 of the transport industry in January 2014. The rules went through the editors, adjustments, amendments and changes in March 2018.
What rules should not be violated?
Correct securing of cargo, its safe loading, unloading are mandatory actions for all participants:
- senders
- recipients;
- carriers.
When the freight transport executors comply with the established procedure in accordance with the developed conditions and requirements, they save damage and damage to luggage and prevent accidents on the road. If cargo securing is not reliable, the structure may fall apart along the way and fall under the wheels of a vehicle following a road train. The carrier, upon requests from customers, the nature and volume of products, distributes the machines between them by type and quantity.
His responsibilities include:
- timely provision of vehicles;
- supply of serviceable transport;
- loading into a suitable machine for transportation of specific items;
- compliance with contractual compliance and sanitary standards.
The sender may withdraw from the contract if all its conditions are not met.
In advance, participants develop a scheme for the implementation of all work, where the rights and obligations are distributed:
- control measures regarding the timely arrival of vehicles for loading;
- regulation on product placement;
- inventory items;
- use of free cars;
- fixing the departure and arrival of transport.
Interested parties in the perfect delivery of goods agree in advance: who will check the loading, securing the cargo in the back.
How does the verification take place?
For their own peace of mind, customers check the rolling stock along with trailers, different types of bodies for their suitability. During this period, the opportunity arises for the timely abandonment of a particular car if violations and threats of damage to the quality of transported products are detected.
Machines for loading or unloading can be delivered with the following arrangement:
- lateral - work is performed through the side walls;
- end - load and unload through the tailgate;
- oblique - actions are carried out immediately in 2 ways.
After full verification of the serviceability of the mechanisms, as well as their intended use for the transportation of a specific cargo, the rolling stock is sent to the loading point.
Strict segregation of duties
The customer must complete:
- loading of their goods;
- technical conditions of cargo securing;
- to cover and link objects;
- unload the goods;
- remove fasteners, coatings.
Loading and unloading operations are carried out by agreement of the parties to the contract. It is not necessary that they be carried out directly by the sender of the luggage.
Drivers are attracted by their consent, they can take part in easy procedures - accept or deliver the box on board. Those who are engaged in loading and unloading are responsible for the safety of products at this time. The area where the work is carried out must be in good condition, and there should be no problems with access roads. Cargo participants agree in advance on additional equipment on trucks so that specific materials can be transported, a cable and chain can be used to secure the cargo.
If the product is loaded in bulk, it cannot be raised above the sides, if necessary, they are increased in height not exceeding 4 m from the road. Products are placed and fixed so that there are no falls and dragging, this excludes injuries to persons performing escort.
What are the reliability requirements?
Before proceeding to securing the cargo during transportation, it must be correctly placed so that it could not move along the way. Empty places are filled with a gasket, an inflatable tank. In bodies and containers, a 15 cm clearance is allowed between the walls of objects, the side surface and the doors. The rules described in order No. 7 allow you to use for securing cargo in a car:
- belt;
- wooden block;
- cable;
- emphasis;
- slipping mat.
Do not nail boxes with brackets, fasten boxes with brackets, apply methods that will damage the surface of the car or the product being transported. The fastening means is positioned as close as possible to the body floor surface and the angle between the parts not exceeding 60 degrees. Stability increases the use of more paired belts with longitudinal and transverse stretch marks.
Characteristics
Responsible persons for the departure, loading and securing of goods in the car body take into account:
- weight and overall parameters of transport and fixed goods;
- admissibility of the vehicle in terms of mass of traffic and axial loads, approved in government Decree No. 272 in 2011.
Heavy and large goods are placed below, taking into account the longitudinal axis of symmetry. In semitrailers, loading starts from the front, and unloading from the rear to prevent tipping.
The nuances of choosing a method
Depending on the category of transported devices, the structural assembly of the elements, their shapes are taken into account in order to apply the fastening method. If a low coefficient of friction with luggage and vehicle surfaces is determined, it is possible to use a cable and chain to secure the load. Friction mat, upper belt, support block will improve friction. The manufacturer applies the maximum working load to the elements with special pointers.
Calculation is carried out at the lowest rate in belts, fastening rings - the weakest part. The maximum limit is taken at the rate of 50% by weight of the material. For better stability, more fasteners are used.
Main methods
It is possible to fix and reliably fix the transported equipment, devices, machines in different ways. In intermodal containers apply:
- A rigid screed with wooden and metal racks so that objects are not able to move when the machine is moving, it is possible to place the product in a plastic form.
- Fastening elements when only wooden racks fasten with bolts and nails.
- Packaging material in the form of sawdust, they fill voids or strips to form a supporting structure, as well as modern mechanical systems for isolating products, creating obstacles to displacements at the moment of moving the vehicle.
- Harness to create a single luggage, ready for transportation. For this, packaging tape steel, polypropylene, nylon, paper and composite materials are suitable. Tapes are fixed with a lock or in any other convenient way.
- Binding to reduce mobility. Take chains for securing cargo, rope, cable, belt, network.
- Pneumatic casing for the same product - food, household, electrical. This mount can combine different combinations. The method is applicable for transportation by sea, rail, road.
A coupler with a belt and a chain for securing the cargo is performed for large-sized heavy structures.
Mounting Requirements
When choosing a fastener system, consider:
- the size;
- form;
- strength;
- characteristic features of transported products.
Fixation sites include surfaces:
Attachment points are:
Structural elements must be strong to withstand forces:
Fasteners include:
- synthetic fabric tape;
- cable for securing cargo;
- hemp rope;
- synthetic rope;
- block;
- profile;
- mechanical grip;
- winch.
If the fastener is in contact with the transported product so that there is no damage, sharp corners are insulated with special clamps and clips. When using wood in blocks and beams, hardwoods are selected, dried according to the standards. In wood products should be absent:
Only the correct calculation in the required number of fixtures will allow the integrity to transport goods from one point to another.
Requirements for Chain Coupling Systems
A chain coupler fixes loads on shipping platforms complete with fastening chains and coupling mechanisms.
The system includes:
- ratchet lanyards;
- ratchests;
- tension levers.
Details differ:
- appointment;
- quality;
- places of production;
- load tolerance.
Each element for a chain complex is selected for specific components.
In what area are they used?
A wide range of marketable products is transported in the chain coupler system:
- oversized devices;
- oversized products;
- machinery, special equipment.
Use transport:
- railway;
- automobile;
- aviation;
- nautical.
Mounting kit is selected in accordance with the purpose. Take into account the type, diameter of the chain, the load limit for each particular type of part.
In what order is the kit completed?
A set for a chain coupler is formed according to the rules:
- weigh the products to be fixed, the goods must weigh less or equal to the workload that the chains can withstand;
- develop a mounting scheme - production order, number of links, length;
- total weight is divided by the amount of sets, the result shows the minimum workload for the system.
Standard chains are produced up to 5 m long. Any acceptable parameters can be ordered from the manufacturer. Contractors fixing goods for transportation develop schemes, exercise control over the correct implementation of the procedure.
Consequences of transport carelessness
The fixation of products transported in a car of any make cannot be taken carelessly. Frivolous attitude to this issue can bring not only financial problems, but physical troubles. Often accidents occur from a brick that broke through the side, an avalanche of rubble that poured onto the track. Poorly fixed appliances, machinery, equipment may become unusable, for which the insurance company will refuse to pay losses, since studies will show incorrect fastenings.
The load may damage the machine. The driver does not have the ability to safely control the mechanism if everything in the body is randomly moving. The statistics of the extras indicate the most frequent accident with the participation of freight transport, the cause of which is poorly stacked and not fastened production products during transportation.
Water transportation
In order for the commercial products to be preserved, delivered to the place in proper condition, the general cargo is distributed on the basis of the properties:
- forms;
- sizes;
- weight
- kind of.
Under the general should understand the goods in special packaging or without it. By sea or navigable rivers can transport:
- technical devices;
- equipment;
- Construction Materials;
- piece goods;
- wooden structures, boards, logs.
Depending on the destination, the cargo goes through the preparation of:
- place and firmly fasten on a barge, a floating vessel;
- draw up insurance, customs documents;
- Forwarded to the address point.
Maritime regulations state that goods must be standard:
- packaged;
- marked;
- with control tape and seals.
Products should not be odor-leaking. Upon acceptance, the meter describes all the characteristic properties of the product. Such actions protect the cargo:
- from displacements;
- explosions;
- fires;
- flooding.
Transportation is subject to:
- humidity standards;
- temperature
- ventilation.
Post materials, sharing on compatibility, groups:
- aggressive;
- neutral;
- exposed to the environment.
On ships and barges, a whole staff of employees is responsible for delivering the goods. They accept and give containers according to documents, which indicate occupied places and characteristic features of the products. The fixation of packages, the placement of containers after they reach the platform of the vessel, is carried out by its staff. From now on, they are responsible for the safety of materials.