Transition from one part of speech to another: causes, features and examples

The Russian language is a developing phenomenon, so there is nothing surprising in the fact that we can observe the transitions of words from one part of speech to another. Consider the features of this linguistic process and give examples.

Definition

The substantiation in science is the transition from one part of speech to another. Most often, participles and adjectives become nouns, and new tokens are formed.

A word whose part of speech is changing does not undergo any more changes, retaining all its morphemes.

Causes

Among the main reasons for the transition of adjectives to nouns is the fact that the adjective itself was often used in speech without a definable word, and therefore was rethought. Some prominent linguists call this phenomenon the law of energy saving. Sometimes it is possible to miss a noun and change part of speech if the interlocutors understand what they are talking about. So, saying the school for the blind, we understand that we are talking about an educational institution for people, and therefore we do not need this clarification.

Another example: "A sick man has not left the room for many days." In this sentence, the patient is an adjective and depends on the noun man. The meaning does not change if we say "The patient has not left the room for many days." The word patient in this case is a noun.

Or another example: “Anya, go to the dining room for plates” (the dining room is an adjective). “Anya, go to the dining room for plates” (the dining room is a noun). Native speakers will not have difficulty understanding the meaning of the sentence.

Kinds

Linguists distinguish two types of substantiation:

• Complete. The original word finally passes into a new part of speech (sentinel, tailor, architect, forester).
• Incomplete. Both the original and the newly formed words exist in parallel (teacher, patient, canteen). There are two homonyms in the speech of native speakers.

Both those and others in the Russian language are very common.

Examples

Here are examples of the transition from one part of speech to another:

Adjective - in the noun:

• The military council was held in secret. - A stately military man proudly walked along the street.
• The clockwork worked smoothly. - The sentry stood at the post and vigilantly watched.
• The captured pilot turned out to be very persistent. - The prisoner gave important evidence.
• The Russian language is rich and interesting. - Russian abroad felt confident.
• Familiar city, great places! - A friend told me that they sold out.

Communion - in the noun:

• Teenagers resting in the meadow played the guitar. - Vacationers enjoyed the sunshine.
• The past century has brought many disappointments. - Bitterly recall the past.

These examples of the transition from one part of speech to another show that the phenomenon of substantivization is very common. And often not recognized by native speakers as such.

Features

The phenomenon of substantiation is used by two disciplines of the linguistic cycle - word formation and morphology. As a way of forming new words, the transition from one part of speech to another is related to non-affix and is characterized by a change in grammatical features.

Sacraments or adjectives that have become nouns can be distributed by an agreed definition (pistachio ice cream, rich dining room, modern teacher's room).

The change in such nouns in numbers and cases occurs according to the adjective model. For instance:

• I.p. Cherry ice cream.
• R.p. Cherry ice cream.
• D.p. Cherry ice cream.
• V.p. Cherry ice cream.
• Tv.p. Cherry ice cream.
• P.p. (O) cherry ice cream.

As you can see, the noun ice cream varies in cases as well as the adjective cherry.

However, the Russian language is rich in exceptions. So, when changing parts of speech, individual words lose their ability to certain forms of change:

• Only the feminine gender has the words living room, teacher, dining room, maid, if it is a noun. Adjectives have all three kinds (dining room - cutlery - silverware).
• Marsupials (n.) Is used only in the plural.
• The patient (n.) Does not have a secondary gender. In this case, you can say a sick animal, but part of the speech in this case is an adjective.

As you can see, the word loses some grammatical signs during substantiation, while it retains the others.

Nouns

Consider the transition of nouns to other parts of speech and give examples of this phenomenon. Information is presented in table form.

Such processes are characteristic of the Slavic languages ​​as a whole and lead to the emergence of new words. The tongue is getting richer.

The transition from one part of speech to another is an interesting phenomenon of Russian grammar, which is one of the methods of word formation.