A text is a collection of sentences, interconnected in meaning and grammatically. Consistent presentation and transmission of the main idea with the help of specific terms, speech figures and turns allow you to achieve unity of style. The ways of linking sentences in the text ensure the continuous conduct of thought without violating its structure.
Text structure
The composition of the text, as a rule, consists of three parts: introduction, main narration, conclusion. In Russian, several types of texts can be distinguished depending on the structure.
- Linear - a consistent narrative of facts or events.
- Stepped - the text is divided into parts that gradually replace each other, without violating the semantic integrity.
- Concentric - the transition from one thought to another with a return to ideas already expressed.
- Parallel - a method of matching one event to another.
- Discrete - a narrative with the intentional omission of individual details to create intrigue.
- Koltseva - the reader’s return at the end of the text to the idea already expressed at the beginning to rethink the information after fully familiarizing yourself with the topic.
- Contrast - used to contrast different parts of the text.
Using the connection between sentences in the text, paragraphs are built. They are separated by meaning and syntax. Each paragraph has its own small topic, has logic and completeness.
Composition of the text in different styles of speech.
Depending on the style, the structure of the text may vary. For example, authors of works of art rarely adhere to strict gradation. The artistic style allows for the violation of causal and spatial-temporal relationships. The composition is based only on the ideological construction of the work.
Texts in the scientific, journalistic or business style are usually carried out according to plan. For example, when using the type of speech “reasoning”, it is necessary to clearly structure it into parts containing the thesis, proof and conclusion.
Sentence - unit of text
Text paragraphs make up sentences. They comprise a complete judgment, which is facilitated by the semantic, grammatical and syntactic connection of words in a sentence. The syntactic relationship depends on the order and meaning of words in the sentence structure. The grammatical connection is ensured by the use of conjunctions, pronouns and changes in the forms of the word. The semantic connection is the rules of semantics, as well as the use of intonation.
Typically, sentences are phrases in the words of which there are special relationships.
Types of communication words in a phrase
Words in a phrase can enter into a composing or subordinate relationship. The relationship between the members of the phrase, in which one word depends on another, creates certain grammatical requirements. The dependent word must coincide with the variable morphological characteristics of the main word, that is, be combined with it in time, number, gender and case.
The subordinate relationship, in which the dependent word completely takes over the form of the main word, describes the type of control “coordination”. Words are used in a single number, case or gender. For example: a beautiful flower, a little girl, a green ball. There is also an incomplete type of coordination when words refer to different genders: my doctor, conscientious secretary. Most often, a noun and a full adjective (participle), a pronoun, a numeral come into agreement.
Management expresses the relationship of action with the subject, that is, shows its orientation. The noun or part of speech that can replace it (adjective, participle) usually acts as a dependent word. The main word in the phrase becomes a verb, adverb or noun. For example: to read a newspaper, a kind of meat, alone with his father.
Adjacency is determined only by semantics. According to the type of adjacency, phrases are formed from the infinitive, participle or adverb, nouns are often used. For example: to sing beautifully, to want to eat, very beautiful.
Compositional connection of words in a sentence
The series of words in a sentence can be connected only in meaning and grammatically, while they do not depend on mutable characteristics of each other. Words entering into such a relationship become homogeneous or heterogeneous members in a sentence. In this case, unions of connecting, opposing and dividing meanings can be used. Unionless ranks are connected only by intonation.
Any part of speech can enter into a composing connection. Most often, in a sentence, independent rows are grammatically related to one word. Moreover, each of the words can have its own series and spread.
Syntactic ways of linking words in a sentence
A sentence is a more complex unit of syntax of the Russian language, and the relations between words in a sentence arise more ramified. The sentence has a grammatical basis and can be distributed by minor members. The connection between the subject and the predicate is a characteristic difference between a sentence and a phrase: predicative relations between words included in a combination cannot arise.
The relationship that arises between the main members of the proposal is:
- equitable - words change simultaneously, adapting to each other, which is called coordination. (Autumn rainy);
- unexpressed - words are not likened to each other, which is called their juxtaposition. (Father at work);
- double - the nominal part of the compound predicate applies both to the name / pronoun (subject) and to its verb part. (The sister returned from school tired).
The minor members of the sentence become subordinate to the grammatical basis, forming phrases.
Sentences having two or more grammatical foundations are called complex. Equal relations or subordinate relations may arise between their parts. Communication in complex sentences is carried out using the use of unions and within the meaning.
Link words in complex sentences
Complicated complex (BSC) sentences are characterized by equal rights and simultaneous descriptions of current events. Parts of such a proposal are independent of each other and can exist separately, as two simple ones, without loss of meaning. Two grammatical bases are connected (with or without secondary members) with the help of creative unions. There are three main groups: dividing, connecting and opposing. The name of each group explains how the two parts of the complex sentence are connected in a semantic way.
The All-Union Proposal (BSP) also applies to writing. Different grammatical foundations are separated by punctuation, intonation and meaning.
The methods of subordinate connection in a sentence are expressed not only in phrases. The next type of complex sentence is based on the subordination of one or more parts to another. A compound sentence (SPP) is formed using alliances and allied words that have different semantic load. Depending on their value, types of subordinate clauses are distinguished (reasons, time, place, condition, etc.).
Often, especially in the artistic and journalistic style, there are SPP with several subordinate clauses. In these cases, a different subordinate relationship arises:
- sequential - the proposals depend on each other according to the principle of "chain": the second part from the first, the third from the second, etc .;
- parallel - one part includes clauses of a different type;
- homogeneous - to the main part are several homogeneous clauses.
Complex syntactic constructions can simultaneously combine a composing connection (in the form of BSC and BSP) and subordinate.
Relationship Offers
The ways of linking sentences in the text are divided into two main ones: serial and parallel. Consistent narration is characterized by a gradual and logical development of the main idea. The content of the previous sentence becomes the basis for the new and so on the chain. In this case, a synonym, union, pronoun, associative and semantic correspondence can act as a means of communicating sentences.
A parallel relationship between sentences is based on comparison or contrast. Most texts using parallel communication are characterized by the use of one sentence as “data” for the development and concretization of ideas. To achieve parallelism, the appropriate syntactic, lexical, and morphological methods of linking sentences in the text are used.
Lexical methods of connection sentences
The authors resort to the use of lexical communication when creating both sequential and parallel narration. In this case, as a means of communication proposals, use the following methods.
- Lexical repetitions - are the use of words and their forms, key combinations.
- Words belonging to one thematic group.
- Synonyms and synonymous substitutions.
- Antonyms.
- Words and their combinations in the meaning of logical connection (therefore, this is why, in conclusion, etc.).
The use of lexical means of communicating sentences is mainly inherent in consistent storytelling.
Morphological methods for linking sentences
Means of morphological communication are based on the use of different parts of speech that are able to match one or more sentences. The effect is achievable only if the correct sequence of words is observed.
Morphological methods of communication between sentences are classified as follows.
- Allied words, unions and particles used at the beginning of a sentence.
- Personal and demonstrative pronouns that replace words from previous sentences.
- Adverbs of place, time, related in meaning to several sentences of the text.
- The use of common tense forms in verbal predicates.
- Degrees of comparison of adverbs and adjectives related to the previous sentence.
The application is appropriate both in parallelism and in a consistent narrative.
Syntactic methods for linking sentences
The syntactic connection of sentences in the text is achieved through the intentional use of one of the tricks:
- syntactic parallelism (similar word order and morphological design);
- the deletion of the design proposal and its design as an independent unit of text;
- use of an incomplete offer ;
- application of introductory constructions, appeals, rhetorical questions, etc .;
- inversion and direct word order.
The syntactic connection of sentences is characteristic for different styles. Of course, more diverse and bizarre forms can only be seen in fiction or journalism.
The described methods for linking sentences in the text are not the only possible ones. It all depends on the style of the text and the idea of the author. Literary texts do not have clear boundaries - in them you can find the most diverse of all possible communication options. Scientific and official business papers contain clearer and more structured texts that meet all the requirements of logical and spatio-temporal relationships.