Currently, the transfer of ownership of real estate is mainly carried out through the sale. Such a transaction takes place both in the secondary market and in new houses, with participation in shared construction or acquisition of land and private houses.
In accordance with the contract of sale, ownership of real estate is transferred by one person to another. In this case, the document must be registered with the authorized body (Rosreestr). In most cases, the transfer of the corresponding right can take place only after this stage. However, this point may appear earlier, for example, when concluding a mortgage loan, when an act of acceptance of transfer of real estate is signed. But such a right is limited until the state registration is passed.
Mortgage Ownership
Recently, the acquisition of real estate is often accompanied by a mortgage agreement. Moreover, all property transferred to the borrower becomes the subject of a pledge. The borrower lives in the acquired property and uses it at his discretion. At the same time, the main rights continue to belong to the banking institution.
In accordance with the Law on Mortgage (Real Estate Mortgage) No. 102-FZ, property is considered the property of the mortgagor. The following limitation applies: housing conditions should not get worse.
The owner has the right to benefit from the facility, if an appropriate clause is provided. He must also keep the property in order, pay utility bills and other necessary payments. A contract of sale with a mortgage may include as collateral not an acquired object, but other real estate, for example:
- Plot of land.
- A room, apartment or private house.
- Garage, cottage and other buildings.
- Industrial or office buildings.
Moreover, the subject of a pledge may be ships or aircraft. A certificate of ownership is issued when the required legal procedures have been completed.
A mortgage loan can be issued for two or more owners. But at the same time, they must be in agreement with each other on this issue. All owners have a right to a certain share, even if the consent of other owners is not drawn up.
Although the property belongs to the person who entered into the mortgage agreement, only certain limited rights are recognized for it. For example, such a citizen cannot dispose of property through a sale or exchange, without agreeing all the points with a credit institution. Restrictions can be lifted only after the debt has been fully repaid.
Under contract
In each case, the moment of transfer of ownership of real estate is distinguished by a number of features. Its parties are individuals and legal entities. Ownership passes from one person to another as a result of the conclusion of a civil law agreement. It is made out in writing, and then sent for registration along with other documents. To be sure of the correctness of the design, it is worth entrusting the drafting of the contract to experienced lawyers. It is not necessary to certify a document with a notary. But the parties can do this at will.
The transfer of ownership of real estate is realized by the initial or derivative method. Acquisition through purchase is a derivative way of obtaining an appropriate privilege.
Separately, it should be said about privatization. This opportunity arises only for individuals. In this case, an agreement is concluded between state authorities, the municipality or a specific enterprise and individuals. In this case, neither notarization nor payment of state duty is required. Privatization is carried out in the manner prescribed by law.
Transactions can be not only bilateral, but also unilateral in nature. An example of the latter is inheritance. There are two modes according to which the heirs receive immovable property belonging to the deceased citizen:
The inheritance is accepted after six months from the date of death of the citizen. If there is no will, then the property is transferred by law. In this case, the corresponding queues are valid. The first are the closest people. If they are not there or none of them accepted the inheritance, then the property is transferred to the heirs of the second stage, etc.
If you pass the granted term, your right to inheritance can be restored through the court (in the same way the recognition of the right of ownership to ownerless real estate is carried out). In this case, it is necessary to prove good reasons why a citizen did not accept the inheritance earlier.
Without an agreement
What reasons can be called valid? There are cases when the recognition of the right of ownership of real estate for a citizen can be obtained without an agreement. In this case, the principle of acquisitive prescription applies. In the case of real estate, the term is fifteen years, during which the citizen owned the property openly and in good faith.
For paperwork, you must contact the judicial authority. On the side of the defendant in this case is the former owner. If he is unknown, then the representative of the registering authority becomes the defendant. After a court decision is made, state registration of property is carried out.
Another way to obtain real estate is to participate in a cooperative. If a citizen becomes a member of this organization, then the occurrence of ownership of real estate will occur when the share is paid in full. As a result, the cooperative loses its rights. However, a citizen as a shareholder is not excluded from the organization.
If the legal entity is reorganized, then the moment of the emergence of the right of ownership of the immovable property of another person is a decision on the reorganization. The documents for this procedure may be different. Each of the objects must be registered separately.
Estate
As stated above, property can be inherited. Successors will officially become owners when the process of registration of the relevant rights ends. In this case, the actual registration of ownership of real estate will no longer matter, since you can freely use real estate until this time. However, if the heir plans to sell the object, lease it out or perform other operations, then first he needs to get the documents from the registration authority.
Without this, it is not possible to complete any transaction. If the property went to several owners at once, then each of them can register the right of ownership for its part. Then the moment of transfer of ownership of immovable property arises after making the appropriate entry in the Unified Register.
Donation property
The owner may decide to transfer his right to another person free of charge, that is, to donate real estate. For this, it is necessary to draw up the relevant documents, since without them the agreement would not have legal force. So, an agreement is established in the established format, under the terms of which the right of ownership is transferred.
The contract is binding, although no payment is made. But thanks to this document in the future it will be possible to avoid all kinds of disputes with persons who were also interested in real estate. For example, relatives of the previous owner will not be able to challenge the ownership of the new owner if they claimed a mandatory share of the inheritance.
Donation is especially important when real estate belongs to several persons. In this case, for the implementation of this procedure, you must obtain written consent from each co-owner of the respective property. If this condition is not met, then the new owner will not be able to register the transfer of ownership of real estate.
Non-residential property
There may be situations in which a citizen who owns a non-residential premises (for example, a garage or warehouse) does not draw up the necessary documents for him. But this procedure will protect against possible negative consequences and will not create questions from government agencies when making transactions. Therefore, it is better to do this.
If the ownership of the Russian Federation on non-residential property is not registered, then the following disputes may arise:
- State authorities consider it as an unauthorized building that does not meet established standards.
- The inherited property was not registered or title documents were lost, and therefore the issue of transferring it to the heirs remains open.
In order to prevent such incidents, it is necessary to collect the necessary documents and register the property in accordance with applicable law. But sometimes this right can be recognized even in the absence of documents. Then, to resolve the issue, you must contact the court.
At the same time, a citizen enters into legal rights after making an entry in the Unified Register. Any transactions that have been made with non-residential real estate up to this point are invalid.
Registration Duration
The registration authority considers the application for establishing ownership of immovable property within 10 days, but not from the moment it was submitted. The report begins to be deducted from the day the state fee is paid. Therefore, in addition to the required package of documents, the applicant must attach a receipt confirming the fact of payment.
The procedure for conducting state registration
The procedure can be carried out in one of several ways:
- You can contact the Rosreestr personally, submit an application and the necessary package of documents.
- Send copies of documents by registered mail with notification. All copies must be certified by a notary.
- Fill out an electronic version of the application on the Internet on the electronic portal of State services.
For this purpose, the following official papers should be collected:
- Statement of the parties to the transaction.
- Identity cards.
- Receipt of payment of state duty.
- A document confirming the basis of ownership.
- Agreement.
- Act of acceptance of real estate.
One copy of the contract will remain in Rosreestr. The size of the state duty is 2,000 for individuals and 22 thousand rubles - for legal entities. But not all individuals must pay state fees. State authorities, the Central Bank, and poor citizens are exempted from payment.
If, as a result of consideration of documents, registration is refused, then the paid state fee is not refunded. But if the payment is made in a larger amount, then the excessively paid amount will be returned to the applicant's account.
Certificate or extract from the Unified State Register
Earlier for a long period of time, a certificate of ownership was the main title documents. It was issued on a form with varying degrees of protection. This proof of ownership is perpetual. Therefore, at present, the certificate has not expired as a document in respect of real estate acquired earlier. But when registering new transactions, only an extract from the Unified State Register is issued, which is printed on a regular A4 sheet.
Legal advice
The moment of transfer of ownership of real estate occurs, as a rule, when making an entry in the Unified Register. The principle applies to privatization, the contract of sale and acquisition of good faith as a result of prescription. But experts clarify that there are exceptions to this rule:
- In case of inheritance, the right of ownership arises from the moment of opening of the hereditary mass. This is stated in Article 1152 of the Civil Code.
- Based on the provisions of a prenuptial agreement concluded duly. An appropriate judicial practice has developed in relation to this ground.
- Upon membership in a consumer cooperative, ownership is transferred to the owner after payment of the share.
- During the reorganization of legal entities, the moment of transfer of ownership of real estate is the completion of the previous organization.
As title documents for real estate, which are necessary for the transaction, are an extract from the Unified State Register and an agreement between the parties. Lawyers advise diligently storing these documents, as they will be required to complete a transaction or other legal actions in the future.