In order to carry out the delivery of any cargo, it is necessary to have all the necessary documents, as well as follow the rules of transportation of a particular product.
Physicochemical Classification
There is a certain classification of goods, according to which any product can be attributed to a particular group, as well as determine the nature and means of transportation. The first division of the goods is carried out by its physicochemical properties, that is, solid, liquid or gaseous.
Solid goods include such a group of goods as bulk, that is, the delivery of which is carried out in bulk. This can be firewood, vegetables, coal, etc. Also, such groups as bulk and bulk goods are also referred to as solid loads. The next group in the classification of goods by these parameters is liquid products.
Liquid goods include a group of bulk products - liquid fuel, liquid dairy products, etc. In other words, this group includes all goods that must be transported in a special container or tank.
The last classification of goods is gaseous. Various gases belong to this category - oxygen, butane, methane, natural gas, etc. For the delivery of this category of goods it is necessary to have special cylinders.
Agricultural cargo
If you disassemble agricultural cargo, then they are also divided into several categories. Classification of cargo involves the division of products into five groups - industrial, agricultural, construction, trade, utilities.
The first category includes goods produced in factories. Also to this class can be attributed raw materials imported from preparatory points that need further processing or processing.
The second class of cargo is agricultural. This category includes all goods collected in the fields exported from the warehouses of agricultural enterprises or agricultural organizations to procurement points.
The third group of products includes all goods that are imported to construction sites from other enterprises, as well as soil or construction waste taken out of the construction site.
A cargo trade class is a product brought into a distribution network from industrial facilities, procurement warehouses, from warehouses of agricultural enterprises, from station or trading warehouses.
The last group of products is utility. This is waste that is taken out from enterprises, warehouses, agricultural warehouses, enterprises or warehouses, as well as from public catering enterprises, residential buildings, etc.
Transportation and temporary storage
If we talk about the classification and labeling of goods, then there is another sign by which they are divided into groups. This feature is the method of transportation of products. According to this indicator, the following categories are distinguished: single-piece, bulk, bulk, liquid, and others. In addition, you can also add cargoes for the transportation of which it is necessary to create special conditions for storage and transportation. Most often, specialized equipment is used for these purposes.
GOST classification of goods
In addition to the division of products into classes, there are also some categories of dangerous goods for the transportation of which special permits are required, as well as compliance with all rules. GOST 19433-88 regulates these rules. However, it is worth adding that the effect of this document does not apply in any way to goods delivered by bulk water transport, as well as delivered by in-plant and pipeline transport or by method.
Cargo hazard classes:
- The first class is explosives - VM.
- The second hazard class is liquefied, compressed or dissolved gases under pressure.
- Flammable liquids belong to the third class.
- The fourth hazard class is also flammable substances, however belonging to solid goods.
- The fifth hazard class is represented by oxidizing substances, as well as organic peroxides.
- Sixth grade - poisonous and infectious substances.
- The seventh hazard class is radioactive goods.
- Eighth grade - caustic and corrosive materials.
- The ninth hazard class of goods includes other goods that, for one reason or another, can cause harm to humans and the environment.
Railway freight
Cargo can be transported in various ways. There is delivery by air, by sea, with the help of freight vehicles or with the help of railway vehicles. The latter type of delivery of goods is quite widespread, since the delivery speed is high, the volume of cargo transported is also large, and the cost of renting such vehicles is lower than, for example, air delivery.
It can also be noted that it is possible to characterize transport services and goods delivered in this way according to the same criteria as regular passenger transportation, since some parameters in both service sectors are very similar.
Transportation structure
In the implementation of railway freight transportation, there are some parameters by which you can characterize and build a delivery structure. In other words, the structure of product delivery from one point to another with the help of compositions includes various technological operations, the parameters of which, like their cost and duration, will depend on the following points:
- The amount of space occupied by the cargo.
- The principle of organization of transportation of these products.
- Technical equipment of the railway on which the transportation will be carried out. This equipment most often includes line capacity, parameters of railway lines, etc.
Cargo in sea transport
It is important to understand that for each type of transportation - water, air or land - there are principles of classification and the division of goods into categories. Currently, it is believed that the most proven and successful is the marine type of transportation.
Type of cargo in water transport
The first large category is mass. This group includes bulk, bulk, bulk, as well as timber. If we talk about bulk types of goods, then most often grain is transported by sea, as well as seeds of almost all types of crops. To bulk can be attributed sand, gravel, coal or stone. Most often, these two groups of goods are transported in large quantities, which occupy all the available space on the ship. The bulk group of goods includes those for the transportation of which it is necessary to have special equipment - a tank, barrels, etc. Plywood, lumber, and charcoal can be attributed to timber.
General or piece cargo
There is another type of cargo, which is called general or piece. Transportation of this product is carried out either in a variety of containers, or without it at all. If we talk about the number of goods by name, then this species is considered the most numerous among all the others. Depending on the packaging of goods, there are such types as bagged, bale, katno-barrel, boxed, etc.
In addition, there is also a special type of product that relates to the special mode. This category of goods differs in that it is necessary to transport and store it during transportation according to certain rules, which are established for each type of cargo in a separate order. Also, this group includes not only perishable goods or dangerous goods, but also such cargo as livestock and animals.
Classification for carriage by car
Since goods can also be transported by car, their own rules were established for this type of vehicle, and all products were classified.
By the type of packaging , all two categories are distinguished - tare , unpacked.
The second class establishes the rules for the transportation of goods by mass occupied by one unit of goods. The first type is piece, with a weight of up to 250 kg. The second type is goods with increased weight - from 250 kg. The latter type is heavy ones, the mass of which exceeds 30 tons per product.
There is also a classification by size. Not all goods are allowed on public roads. The width should not exceed the indicator of 2.5 m, the height should not be more than 3.8 m. In addition, the load should not be longer than the body by more than 2 m.
In order to make it more convenient to classify goods, a transport characteristic was created. This characteristic includes the totality of all indicators of the transported goods, and also sets the requirements for the transportation of these products.