The political system of the countries of the world: table, description. Typology of countries by state system

A characteristic feature of modern human society is the political structure of states, which reflects their history and traditions, goals and objectives for the future, as well as the present. To understand this, we will take up the compilation of tables of the state system of countries of the world. The review will cover the states that currently exist on all continents.

The political system of the countries of the world. Table

We begin our review with countries in which the monarchical system has been preserved. From the table below it is clearly seen that in Europe there is only one such state - the Vatican. It is the smallest in the world (of officially recognized) and represents an auxiliary sovereign territory of the Holy See.

Absolute monarchy

In the modern world, it is considered an obsolete form of government of countries. In such states, a monarch is at the head, whose power is virtually unlimited. Today it finds a place only in the countries of the Arab-Muslim world. But there are exceptions.

For example, the United Arab Emirates is a federation of several small Islamic states, and the head of the UAE federation (president) is chosen by their emirs (rulers to whom power is inherited).

In Europe, only the Vatican belongs to this category. Other parts of the world have long since abandoned the absolute monarchy.

Arab republics

They reflect the ethnic composition of states, their commitment to Arab culture and traditions.

State institutions in them sometimes operate taking into account the requirements of Sharia. They are a variant of Arab-Islamic democracy.

Islamic republics

The state religion here is Islam. The entire state system is subject to Sharia law. In each country, however, there are features. For example, Iran manages to have two leaders at the same time: spiritual (ayatollah) and political (president).

A constitutional monarchy

This political system exists in the countries of the world on almost all continents, but it is most loved in Europe. The monarchies there realized the inevitability of social progress (somewhere after the bloody revolutions, and somewhere on someone else's example). The real power in such states belongs to the parliament and the prime minister, who is the head of the country (de facto). However, not everywhere the role of the monarch is reduced to formalities. The king of Malaysia has full power. He is not hereditary there, but chosen, although lifelong.

A special form of "constitutional monarchy" is adopted in the former British colonies. For the sake of tradition, the head of these territories is the monarch of Great Britain. But this is only formal. For example, Canada or Australia in their decisions have long ignored the views of London. In most of these states, in fact, it is more correct to consider a parliamentary republic as a state system.

We did not distinguish between dualistic and parliamentary monarchies. All these are constitutional forms. In the first case, the monarch is clearly prescribed powers in which he is fully competent. In the second case, the monarch is elected, after which he actually becomes the president for life.

Parliamentary republics

Here, the main role in governing the country is given to parliament. With full power, he gives the head of government. The president of a parliamentary republic, as a rule, is very limited in his powers, and each decision must be coordinated with parliament. Of course, everything is determined by a specific constitution. However, in parliamentary countries, the prime minister is always better known than the president, and abroad the prime minister is sometimes mistaken for the president.

It is worth saying that today such a form of government is the closest to the ideals of democracy and limits individual power. However, often this makes it difficult to make decisions and laws quickly. A parliamentary republic is the most common form of government in Europe.

Presidential republic

This is a very common form of government. Here, all power belongs to the popularly elected president. The head of the country can quickly make decisions and take the necessary actions.

Both the democracy and the totalitarian regime can flourish in the presidential republic. This is especially evident in the countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, where a military coup without a change of order is a common thing.

Socialist republics

They aim to build a system of social justice with a focus on the ideas of Marxism-Leninism. The first such country on planet Earth was the Soviet Union. With the collapse of the USSR, other countries disappeared from the social camp, directing their development along other paths.

Types of republics

Speaking of the republics, we note that this type of government is very diverse. Quite a few countries call their republic mixed, presidential-parliamentary, and also federal (where there are separate federations within the state, as in Russia) or unitary. Once again we repeat that in all republics there is a constitution. In form it can be a democratic republic, but in fact it can be almost a monarchy.

Another table of state structures of the countries of the world is presented below.

Federation

These are countries with a complex history and interethnic relations. For example, Bosnia is led by as many as four chapters (one from each ethnic group in the country). They form the ruling presidium, and if the votes on any state issue are divided in it, then the UN special representative can vote.

Conclusion

Summing up the topic of the state system and the structure of the countries of the world, it should be said that modern states gravitate towards democratic institutions of power. But two hundred years ago, this form of government was not accepted by all. Then the "trend" was the constitutional monarchy, but the development of society does not stand still. Even the traditionally closed Islamic world has cracked in this sense.