When studying the Russian language at school, quite often there are linguistic terms that are not always clear to students. We tried to make a short list of the most used concepts with decryption. In the future, students can use it when learning Russian.
Phonetics
Linguistic terms used in the study of phonetics:
- Phonetics is a section of linguistics that studies the sound system.
- Sound is a minimal particle of speech. Distinguish vowels and consonants .
- A syllable is one or often several sounds pronounced on one exhale.
- Stress - emphasis in a vowel sound.
- Orthoepy is a branch of phonetics that studies the pronunciation standards of the Russian language.
Spelling
When studying spelling, it is necessary to operate with the following terms:
- Spelling is a section that studies spelling standards.
- Spelling - the spelling of a word in accordance with the application of spelling rules.
Lexicology and phraseology
- Token - vocabulary unit, word.
- Lexicology is a section of the Russian language that studies lexemes, their origin and functioning.
- Synonyms are words with similar meanings in different spellings.
- Antonyms are words that have the opposite meaning.
- Paronyms are words with a similar spelling, but different meanings.
- Homonyms are words that have the same spelling, but have different meanings.
- Phraseology is a section of linguistics that studies phraseological units, their features and principles of functioning in a language.
- Etymology is the science of the origin of words.
- Lexicography is a section of linguistics that studies the rules for compiling dictionaries and studying them.
Morphology
A few words about what Russian linguistic terms are used when studying the morphology section.
- Morphology is the science of language that studies parts of speech.
- A noun is a nominal independent part of speech. It denotes the subject in question and answers the questions: “who?”, “What?”.
- Adjective - indicates the sign or condition of the subject and answers the questions: "what?", "What?", "What?". Refers to independent registered parts.
- A verb is a part of a speech that denotes an action and answers the questions: “what does it do?”, “What will it do?”.
- Numeral - indicates the number or order of objects and answering the questions: "how much?", "Which?" Refers to independent parts of speech.
- A pronoun - indicates an object or person, its sign, without mentioning it.
- An adverb is a part of speech denoting a sign of action. Answers the questions: “how?”, “When?”, “Why?”, “Where?”.
- A preposition is an auxiliary part of speech that connects words.
- Union is a part of speech, connecting syntactic units.
- Particles are words that give emotional or semantic coloring to words and sentences.
Additional terms
In addition to the terms we indicated earlier, there are a number of concepts that it is desirable for a student to know. We single out the main linguistic terms that are also worth remembering.
- Syntax is a section of linguistics that studies sentences: features of their structure and functioning.
- Language is a sign system that is constantly in development. Serves for communication between people.
- An idiolect - features of speech of a particular person.
- Dialects are varieties of one language, which are opposed to its literary version. Depending on the territory, each dialect has its own characteristics. For example, dipping or hooting.
- Abbreviation - the formation of nouns by means of the abbreviation of words or phrases.
- Latinism is a word that came to us from the Latin language.
- Inversion is a deviation from the generally accepted word order, which makes the rearranged sentence element stylistically marked.
Stylistics
The following linguistic terms, examples and definition of which you will see, are often found when considering the style of the Russian language.
- Antithesis - a stylistic device, which is based on the opposition.
- Graduation - a technique based on forcing or weakening homogeneous means of expression.
- Diminutive - a word formed with the help of a diminutive suffix.
- Oxymoron is a technique in which combinations of words are formed with seemingly incompatible lexical meanings. For example, a "living corpse."
- Euphemism is the replacement of a word related to profanity with a neutral one.
- Epithet is a stylistic trope, often it is an adjective with expressive coloring.
This is not a complete list of the necessary words. We have given only the most necessary linguistic terms.
conclusions
Studying the Russian language, schoolchildren continually come across words whose meanings are unknown to them. To avoid learning problems, it is advisable to have your own personal dictionary of school terms in Russian language and literature. Above, we have cited the main linguistic words-terms that will have to be encountered more than once when studying at school and university.